source/coral/arena.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+const debug = @import("./debug.zig");
+
+const io = @import("./io.zig");
+
+const list = @import("./list.zig");
+
+const math = @import("./math.zig");
+
+pub const Stacking = struct {
+	base_allocator: io.Allocator,
+	min_page_size: usize,
+	allocations: list.Stack(usize) = .{},
+	pages: list.Stack(Page) = .{},
+
+	const Page = struct {
+		buffer: []u8,
+		used: usize,
+
+		const Self = @This();
+
+		fn available(self: Self) usize {
+			return self.buffer.len - self.used;
+		}
+	};
+
+	pub fn allocate(self: *Stacking, allocation_size: usize) io.AllocationError![]u8 {
+		const alignment = @as(usize, 4);
+		const aligned_allocation_size = (allocation_size + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
+
+		if (self.pages.values.len == 0) {
+			const page = try self.allocate_page(math.max(self.min_page_size, aligned_allocation_size));
+
+			page.used = allocation_size;
+
+			return page.buffer[0 .. allocation_size];
+		}
+
+		var page = self.current_page() orelse unreachable;
+
+		if (page.available() <= aligned_allocation_size) {
+			page = try self.allocate_page(math.max(self.min_page_size, aligned_allocation_size));
+		}
+
+		debug.assert(page.available() >= allocation_size);
+
+		defer page.used += aligned_allocation_size;
+
+		return page.buffer[page.used .. (page.used + allocation_size)];
+	}
+
+	fn allocate_page(self: *Stacking, page_size: usize) io.AllocationError!*Page {
+		var buffer = try io.allocate_many(u8, page_size, self.base_allocator);
+
+		errdefer io.deallocate(self.base_allocator, buffer);
+
+		try self.pages.push_one(self.base_allocator, .{
+			.buffer = buffer,
+			.used = 0,
+		});
+
+		return (self.current_page() orelse unreachable);
+	}
+
+	pub fn as_allocator(self: *Stacking) io.Allocator {
+		return io.Allocator.bind(Stacking, self, struct {
+			fn reallocate(stacking: *Stacking, options: io.AllocationOptions) ?[]u8 {
+				const allocation = options.allocation orelse {
+					return stacking.allocate(options.size) catch null;
+				};
+
+				if (allocation.len == 0) {
+					return null;
+				}
+
+				const reallocation = stacking.allocate(allocation.len) catch {
+					return null;
+				};
+
+				io.copy(reallocation, allocation);
+
+				return reallocation;
+			}
+		}.reallocate);
+	}
+
+	pub fn clear_allocations(self: *Stacking) void {
+		for (self.pages.values) |page| {
+			io.deallocate(self.base_allocator, page.buffer);
+		}
+
+		self.pages.deinit(self.base_allocator);
+		self.allocations.deinit(self.base_allocator);
+	}
+
+	fn current_page(self: Stacking) ?*Page {
+		if (self.pages.values.len == 0) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		return &self.pages.values[self.pages.values.len - 1];
+	}
+};

source/coral/coral.zig

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+///
+/// Arena-based memory allocation strategies.
+///
+pub const arena = @import("./arena.zig");
+
 ///
 /// Debug build-only utilities and sanity-checkers.
 ///
 pub const debug = @import("./debug.zig");
 
-///
-/// Heap memory allocation strategies.
-///
-pub const heap = @import("./heap.zig");
-
 ///
 /// Platform-agnostic data input and output operations.
 ///

source/coral/heap.zig

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-const debug = @import("./debug.zig");
-
-const io = @import("./io.zig");
-
-const math = @import("./math.zig");
-
-const table = @import("./table.zig");
-
-pub const Bucketed = struct {
-	base_allocator: io.Allocator,
-	slab_table: SlabTable,
-
-	const Slab = struct {
-		count: usize = 0,
-		buffer: []u8 = &.{},
-		erased: []usize = &.{},
-
-		fn create(self: *Slab, allocator: io.Allocator) ?[]u8 {
-			if (self.count == self.erased.len) {
-				const buffer = io.allocate_many(allocator, u8, math.max(1, self.buffer.len * 2)) orelse return null;
-
-				errdefer io.deallocate(allocator, buffer);
-
-				const erased = io.allocate_many(allocator, usize, math.max(1, self.erased.len * 2)) orelse return null;
-
-				errdefer io.deallocate(allocator, erased);
-
-				self.buffer = buffer;
-				self.erased = erased;
-			}
-
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		fn destroy(self: *Slab) void {
-			_ = self;
-		}
-	};
-
-	const SlabTable = table.Hashed(table.unsigned_key(@bitSizeOf(usize)), *Slab);
-
-	fn acquire_slab(self: *Bucketed, slab_element_size: usize) ?*Slab {
-		if (slab_element_size == 0) return null;
-
-		return self.slab_table.lookup(slab_element_size) orelse create_slab: {
-			const allocated_slab = io.allocate_one(self.base_allocator, Slab);
-
-			errdefer io.deallocate(self.base_allocator, allocated_slab);
-
-			allocated_slab.* = .{.size = slab_element_size};
-
-			debug.assert(self.size_buckets.insert(slab_element_size, allocated_slab) catch return null);
-
-			break: create_slab allocated_slab;
-		};
-	}
-
-	pub fn as_allocator(self: *Bucketed) io.Allocator {
-		return io.Allocator.bind(self, reallocate);
-	}
-
-	pub fn deinit(self: *Bucketed) void {
-		var slab_iterator = SlabTable.Iterator{.table = self.slab_table};
-
-		while (slab_iterator.next()) |slab| {
-			slab.free(self.base_allocator);
-		}
-
-		self.size_buckets.free(self.base_allocator);
-	}
-
-	pub fn init(base_allocator: io.Allocator) io.AllocationError!Bucketed {
-		return Bucketed{
-			.base_allocator = base_allocator,
-			.size_buckets = &.{},
-		};
-	}
-
-	pub fn owns(self: Bucketed, memory: []const u8) bool {
-		return io.overlaps(memory.ptr, (self.slab_table.lookup(memory.len) orelse return false).buffer);
-	}
-
-	pub fn reallocate(self: *Bucketed, options: io.AllocationOptions) ?[]u8 {
-		const origin_slab = self.acquire_slab(options.size) orelse return null;
-		const existing_allocation = options.allocation orelse return origin_slab.create(self.base_allocator);
-
-		defer origin_slab.destroy(existing_allocation);
-
-		const target_slab = self.acquire_slab(existing_allocation.len) orelse return null;
-		const updated_allocation = target_slab.create(existing_allocation.len);
-
-		io.copy(updated_allocation, existing_allocation);
-
-		return updated_allocation;
-	}
-};

source/coral/io.zig

@@ -11,12 +11,48 @@ pub const AllocationOptions = struct {
 	size: usize,
 };
 
-pub const Allocator = Functor(?[]u8, AllocationOptions);
+pub const Allocator = Generator(?[]u8, AllocationOptions);
 
 ///
-/// Function pointer coupled with a state context for providing dynamic dispatch over a given `Input` and `Output`.
+/// Function pointer coupled with an immutable state context for providing dynamic dispatch over a given `Input` and
+/// `Output`.
 ///
 pub fn Functor(comptime Output: type, comptime Input: type) type {
+	return struct {
+		context: *const anyopaque,
+		invoker: *const fn (capture: *const anyopaque, input: Input) Output,
+
+		const Self = @This();
+
+		pub fn bind(comptime State: type, state: *const State, comptime invoker: fn (capture: *const State, input: Input) Output) Self {
+			return .{
+				.context = state,
+
+				.invoker = struct {
+					fn invoke_opaque(context: *const anyopaque, input: Input) Output {
+						const state_alignment = @alignOf(State);
+
+						if (state_alignment == 0) {
+							return invoker(@ptrCast(*const State, context), input);
+						}
+
+						return invoker(@ptrCast(*const State, @alignCast(state_alignment, context)), input);
+					}
+				}.invoke_opaque,
+			};
+		}
+
+		pub fn invoke(self: Self, input: Input) Output {
+			return self.invoker(self.context, input);
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+///
+/// Function pointer coupled with a mutable state context for providing dynamic dispatch over a given `Input` and
+/// `Output`.
+///
+pub fn Generator(comptime Output: type, comptime Input: type) type {
 	return struct {
 		context: *anyopaque,
 		invoker: *const fn (capture: *anyopaque, input: Input) Output,
@@ -47,7 +83,7 @@ pub fn Functor(comptime Output: type, comptime Input: type) type {
 	};
 }
 
-pub const Reader = Functor(?usize, []u8);
+pub const Reader = Generator(?usize, []u8);
 
 pub const StreamError = error {
 	ReadFailure,
@@ -66,7 +102,7 @@ pub const FixedBuffer = struct {
 	slice: []u8,
 
 	pub fn as_writer(self: *FixedBuffer) Writer {
-		return Writer.bind(self, struct {
+		return Writer.bind(FixedBuffer, self, struct {
 			fn write(writable_memory: *FixedBuffer, data: []const u8) ?usize {
 				return writable_memory.write(data);
 			}
@@ -104,7 +140,7 @@ pub const GrowingBuffer = struct {
 		bytes: []const u8,
 	};
 
-	const Appender = Functor(AllocationError!void, AppendOptions);
+	const Appender = Generator(AllocationError!void, AppendOptions);
 
 	pub fn as_writer(self: *GrowingBuffer) Writer {
 		return Writer.bind(GrowingBuffer, self, struct {
@@ -136,7 +172,7 @@ pub const GrowingBuffer = struct {
 	}
 };
 
-pub const Writer = Functor(?usize, []const u8);
+pub const Writer = Generator(?usize, []const u8);
 
 pub fn allocate_many(comptime Type: type, amount: usize, allocator: Allocator) AllocationError![]Type {
 	if (@sizeOf(Type) == 0) {
@@ -187,46 +223,32 @@ pub fn compare(this: []const u8, that: []const u8) isize {
 	return @intCast(isize, this.len) - @intCast(isize, that.len);
 }
 
-pub fn deallocate(allocator: Allocator, allocation: anytype) void {
-	const Element = @TypeOf(allocation);
-
-	switch (@typeInfo(Element).Pointer.size) {
-		.One => {
-			debug.assert(allocator.invoke(.{
-				.allocation = @ptrCast([*]u8, allocation)[0 .. @sizeOf(Element)],
-				.size = 0
-			}) == null);
-		},
-
-		.Slice => {
-			debug.assert(allocator.invoke(.{
-				.allocation = @ptrCast([*]u8, allocation.ptr)[0 .. (@sizeOf(Element) * allocation.len)],
-				.size = 0
-			}) == null);
-		},
-
-		.Many, .C => @compileError("length of allocation must be known to deallocate"),
-	}
-}
-
-pub fn bytes_to(comptime Type: type, source_bytes: []const u8) ?Type {
-	const type_size = @sizeOf(Type);
-
-	if (source_bytes.len != type_size) return null;
-
-	var target_bytes = @as([type_size]u8, undefined);
-
-	copy(&target_bytes, source_bytes);
-
-	return @bitCast(Type, target_bytes);
-}
-
 pub fn copy(target: []u8, source: []const u8) void {
 	var index: usize = 0;
 
 	while (index < source.len) : (index += 1) target[index] = source[index];
 }
 
+pub fn deallocate(allocator: Allocator, allocation: anytype) void {
+	const Allocation = @TypeOf(allocation);
+
+	switch (@typeInfo(Allocation)) {
+		.Pointer => |allocation_pointer| {
+			_ = allocator.invoke(.{
+				.allocation = switch (allocation_pointer.size) {
+					.One => @ptrCast([*]u8, allocation)[0 .. @sizeOf(Allocation)],
+					.Slice => @ptrCast([*]u8, allocation.ptr)[0 .. (@sizeOf(Allocation) * allocation.len)],
+					.Many, .C => @compileError("length of allocation must be known to deallocate"),
+				},
+
+				.size = 0,
+			});
+		},
+
+		else => @compileError("cannot deallocate " ++ allocation),
+	}
+}
+
 pub fn ends_with(target: []const u8, match: []const u8) bool {
 	if (target.len < match.len) return false;
 
@@ -270,10 +292,6 @@ pub const null_writer = Writer.bind(&null_context, struct {
 	}
 }.write);
 
-pub fn overlaps(pointer: [*]u8, memory_range: []u8) bool {
-	return (pointer >= memory_range.ptr) and (pointer < (memory_range.ptr + memory_range.len));
-}
-
 pub fn reallocate(allocator: Allocator, allocation: anytype, amount: usize) AllocationError![]@typeInfo(@TypeOf(allocation)).Pointer.child {
 	const pointer_info = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(allocation)).Pointer;
 	const Element = pointer_info.child;
@@ -315,6 +333,10 @@ pub fn swap(comptime Element: type, this: *Element, that: *Element) void {
 	that.* = temp;
 }
 
+pub fn tag_of(comptime value: anytype) Tag(@TypeOf(value)) {
+	return @as(Tag(@TypeOf(value)), value);
+}
+
 pub fn zero(target: []u8) void {
 	for (target) |*t| t.* = 0;
 }

source/coral/list.zig

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ const math = @import("./math.zig");
 ///
 pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 	return struct {
-		capacity: usize,
+		capacity: usize = 0,
-		values: []Value,
+		values: []Value = &.{},
 
 		///
 		/// Stack type.
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 		/// The returned buffer may be used to write to the stack without needing to explicitly pass an allocator
 		/// context, as well decay further into a generic [io.Writer] type.
 		///
-		/// *Note* `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one originally used to initialize
+		/// *Note* if `capacity` is a non-zero value, `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one
-		/// `self`.
+		/// originally used to allocate the current internal buffer.
 		///
 		pub fn as_buffer(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator) io.GrowingBuffer {
 			return io.GrowingBuffer.bind(Self, allocator, self, push_all);
@@ -44,12 +44,17 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 		///
 		/// To clear all items from the stack while preserving the current internal buffer, see [clear] instead.
 		///
-		/// *Note* `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one originally used to initialize
+		/// *Note* if the `capacity` field of `self` is a non-zero value, `allocator` must reference the same allocation
-		/// `self`.
+		/// strategy as the one originally used to allocate the current internal buffer.
 		///
 		pub fn deinit(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator) void {
+			if (self.capacity == 0) {
+				return;
+			}
+
 			io.deallocate(allocator, self.values);
 
+			self.values = &.{};
 			self.capacity = 0;
 		}
 
@@ -77,8 +82,8 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 		/// Growing ahead of pushing operations is useful when the upper bound of pushes is well-understood, as it can
 		/// reduce the number of allocations required per push.
 		///
-		/// *Note* `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one originally used to initialize
+		/// *Note* if the `capacity` field of `self` is a non-zero value, `allocator` must reference the same allocation
-		/// `self`.
+		/// strategy as the one originally used to allocate the current internal buffer.
 		///
 		pub fn grow(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, growth_amount: usize) io.AllocationError!void {
 			const grown_capacity = self.capacity + growth_amount;
@@ -86,34 +91,18 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 
 			errdefer io.deallocate(allocator, values);
 
-			for (0 .. self.values.len) |index| {
+			if (self.capacity != 0) {
-				values[index] = self.values[index];
+				for (0 .. self.values.len) |index| {
-			}
+					values[index] = self.values[index];
+				}
 
-			io.deallocate(allocator, self.values);
+				io.deallocate(allocator, self.values);
+			}
 
 			self.values = values;
 			self.capacity = grown_capacity;
 		}
 
-		///
-		/// Attempts to allocate and return an empty stack with an internal buffer of `initial_capacity` size using
-		/// `allocator` as the memory allocation strategy.
-		///
-		/// The function returns [io.AllocationError] if `allocator` could not commit the memory required for an
-		/// internal buffer of `initial_capacity` size.
-		///
-		pub fn init(allocator: io.Allocator, initial_capacity: usize) !Self {
-			const values = try io.allocate_many(Value, initial_capacity, allocator);
-
-			errdefer io.deallocate(values);
-
-			return Self{
-				.capacity = initial_capacity,
-				.values = values[0 .. 0],
-			};
-		}
-
 		///
 		/// Attempts to remove the last element of `self` that was inserted, if one exists, returning it or `null` if
 		/// `self` is empty.
@@ -137,8 +126,8 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 		/// The function returns [io.AllocationError] if `allocator` could not commit the memory required to grow the
 		/// internal buffer of `self` when necessary.
 		///
-		/// *Note* `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one originally used to initialize
+		/// *Note* if the `capacity` field of `self` is a non-zero value, `allocator` must reference the same allocation
-		/// `self`.
+		/// strategy as the one originally used to allocate the current internal buffer.
 		///
 		pub fn push_all(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, values: []const Value) io.AllocationError!void {
 			const new_length = self.values.len + values.len;
@@ -163,8 +152,8 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 		/// The function returns [io.AllocationError] if `allocator` could not commit the memory required to grow the
 		/// internal buffer of `self` when necessary.
 		///
-		/// *Note* `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one originally used to initialize
+		/// *Note* if the `capacity` field of `self` is a non-zero value, `allocator` must reference the same allocation
-		/// `self`.
+		/// strategy as the one originally used to allocate the current internal buffer.
 		///
 		pub fn push_many(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, value: Value, amount: usize) io.AllocationError!void {
 			const new_length = self.values.len + amount;
@@ -189,8 +178,8 @@ pub fn Stack(comptime Value: type) type {
 		/// The function returns [io.AllocationError] if `allocator` could not commit the memory required to grow the
 		/// internal buffer of `self` when necessary.
 		///
-		/// *Note* `allocator` must reference the same allocation strategy as the one originally used to initialize
+		/// *Note* if the `capacity` field of `self` is a non-zero value, `allocator` must reference the same allocation
-		/// `self`.
+		/// strategy as the one originally used to allocate the current internal buffer.
 		///
 		pub fn push_one(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, value: Value) io.AllocationError!void {
 			if (self.values.len == self.capacity) {

source/coral/slab.zig

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ const io = @import("./io.zig");
 
 pub fn Map(comptime Index: type, comptime Element: type) type {
 	return struct {
-		free_index: Index,
+		free_index: Index = 0,
-		entries: []Entry,
+		entries: []Entry = &.{},
 
 		const Entry = union (enum) {
 			free_index: usize,
@@ -28,17 +28,6 @@ pub fn Map(comptime Index: type, comptime Element: type) type {
 			io.deallocate(allocator, self.entries);
 		}
 
-		pub fn init(allocator: io.Allocator) io.AllocationError!Self {
-			const entries = try io.allocate_many(Entry, 4, allocator);
-
-			errdefer io.deallocate(allocator, entries);
-
-			return Self{
-				.free_index = 0,
-				.entries = entries,
-			};
-		}
-
 		pub fn insert(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, value: Element) io.AllocationError!Index {
 			_ = self;
 			_ = allocator;

source/coral/table.zig

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 	const growth_factor = 0.6;
 
 	return struct {
-		count: usize,
+		count: usize = 0,
-		table: []?Entry,
+		table: []?Entry = &.{},
 
 		///
 		/// Key-value pair bundling.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 		///
 		pub fn assign(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, key: Key, value: Value) io.AllocationError!?Entry {
 			if (self.calculate_load_factor() >= load_max) {
-				const growth_size = @intToFloat(f64, self.table.len) * growth_factor;
+				const growth_size = @intToFloat(f64, math.max(1, self.table.len)) * growth_factor;
 
 				if (growth_size > math.max_int(@typeInfo(usize).Int)) {
 					return error.OutOfMemory;
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 		/// Returns the calculated load factor of `self` at the moment.
 		///
 		pub fn calculate_load_factor(self: Self) f32 {
-			return @intToFloat(f32, self.count) / @intToFloat(f32, self.table.len);
+			return if (self.table.len == 0) 1 else @intToFloat(f32, self.count) / @intToFloat(f32, self.table.len);
 		}
 
 		///
@@ -160,28 +160,6 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 			self.count = 0;
 		}
 
-		///
-		/// Attempts to allocate and return an empty table with an implementation-defined initial capacity using
-		/// `allocator` as the memory allocation strategy.
-		///
-		/// The function returns [AllocationError] instead if `allocator` cannot commit the memory required for the
-		/// table capcity size.
-		///
-		pub fn init(allocator: io.Allocator) io.AllocationError!Self {
-			const table = try io.allocate_many(?Entry, 4, allocator);
-
-			errdefer io.deallocate(allocator, table);
-
-			for (table) |*entry| {
-				entry.* = null;
-			}
-
-			return Self{
-				.table = table,
-				.count = 0,
-			};
-		}
-
 		///
 		/// Attempts to write the `key`-`value` pair into `self`, using `allocator` as the memory allocation strategy,
 		/// if no value already exists with a matching `key`, returning `true` if it was inserted, otherwise `false`.
@@ -194,17 +172,16 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 		///
 		pub fn insert(self: *Self, allocator: io.Allocator, key: Key, value: Value) io.AllocationError!bool {
 			if (self.calculate_load_factor() >= load_max) {
-				const growth_size = @intToFloat(f64, self.table.len) * growth_factor;
+				const growth_amount = @intToFloat(f64, self.table.len) * growth_factor;
+				const min_size = 1;
 
-				if (growth_size > math.max_int(@typeInfo(usize).Int)) {
+				try self.rehash(allocator, self.table.len + math.max(min_size, @floatToInt(usize, growth_amount)));
-					return error.OutOfMemory;
-				}
-
-				try self.rehash(allocator, @floatToInt(usize, growth_size));
 			}
 
 			debug.assert(self.table.len > self.count);
 
+			defer self.count += 1;
+
 			return (Entry{
 				.key = key,
 				.value = value,
@@ -222,8 +199,9 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 			{
 				const hash_max = math.min(math.max_int(hash_info), self.table.len);
 				var hashed_key = math.wrap(keyer.hasher(key), math.min_int(hash_info), hash_max);
+				var iterations = @as(usize, 0);
 
-				while (true) {
+				while (iterations < self.count) : (iterations += 1) {
 					const entry = &(self.table[hashed_key] orelse return null);
 
 					if (keyer.comparer(entry.key, key) == 0) {
@@ -260,13 +238,16 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime keyer: Keyer(Ke
 				entry.* = null;
 			}
 
-			for (old_table) |maybe_entry| {
+			if (old_table.len != 0)
-				if (maybe_entry) |entry| {
+			{
-					debug.assert(entry.write_into(self.table));
+				for (old_table) |maybe_entry| {
+					if (maybe_entry) |entry| {
+						debug.assert(entry.write_into(self.table));
+					}
 				}
-			}
 
-			io.deallocate(allocator, old_table);
+				io.deallocate(allocator, old_table);
+			}
 		}
 	};
 }

source/coral/utf8.zig

@@ -1,9 +1,24 @@
-const std = @import("std");
+const debug = @import("./debug.zig");
 
 const io = @import("./io.zig");
 
 const math = @import("./math.zig");
 
+const std = @import("std");
+
+///
+///
+///
+pub const ArgsContext = struct {
+	writer: io.Writer,
+	index: usize,
+};
+
+///
+///
+///
+pub const ArgsFormatter = io.Functor(PrintError!void, ArgsContext);
+
 ///
 /// Errors that may occur during utf8-encoded int parsing.
 ///
@@ -31,6 +46,17 @@ pub const PrintError = error {
 	PrintIncomplete,
 };
 
+pub fn format_args(args: anytype) ArgsFormatter {
+	const Args = @TypeOf(args);
+
+	return ArgsFormatter.bind(Args, &args, struct {
+		fn get(typed_args: *const Args, context: ArgsContext) PrintError!void {
+			_ = typed_args;
+			_ = context;
+		}
+	}.get);
+}
+
 ///
 /// Attempts to parse a float value of type described by `float` from `utf8`.
 ///
@@ -146,6 +172,91 @@ pub fn print(writer: io.Writer, utf8: []const u8) PrintError!void {
 	}
 }
 
+///
+///
+///
+pub fn print_float(comptime float: std.builtin.Type.Float, writer: io.Writer, value: @Type(float)) PrintError!void {
+	_ = writer;
+	_ = value;
+}
+
+///
+/// Prints the format string `format` with all `{...}` placeholders substituted with the a value in `args` corresponding
+/// to the ordinality of each substitution.
+///
+/// Specifiers may be placed inside `{}` to augment the behavior of the corresponding [FormatArg]. For example, to print
+/// a float formatted with an integer component padding of `3`, a decimal padding of `2`, and a prefix for positives as
+/// well as negatives, you may specify it as `{+3.2}`.
+///
+/// To prevent braces from being interpreted as format placeholders, simply double-brace them (`"{{"`) and the format
+/// string will substitute them as a single brace.
+///
+/// *Note* the function assumes that, for every specifier in `format`, there is a corresponding [FormatArg] in `args`.
+/// Further, any instance of `{` is assumed to be a placeholder and must be terminated with a corresponding `}` before
+/// the end of string. Failure to meet any of these requirements will result in safety-checked runtime behavior.
+///
+pub fn print_formatted(writer: io.Writer, format: []const u8, args_formatter: ArgsFormatter) PrintError!void {
+	const usize_int = @typeInfo(usize).Int;
+	var head = @as(usize, 0);
+	var tail = @as(usize, 0);
+	var arg_index = @as(usize, 0);
+
+	while (tail < format.len) : (tail += 1) {
+		if (format[tail] == '{') {
+			debug.assert(tail < format.len);
+
+			tail += 1;
+
+			switch (format[tail]) {
+				'{' => {
+					try print(writer, format[head .. tail]);
+
+					tail += 1;
+					head = tail;
+				},
+
+				'}' => {
+					try print(writer, format[head .. tail]);
+
+					try args_formatter.invoke(.{
+						.index = arg_index,
+						.writer = writer,
+					});
+
+					arg_index += 1;
+					tail += 1;
+					head = tail;
+				},
+
+				else => {
+					try print(writer, format[head .. tail]);
+
+					tail += 1;
+					head = tail;
+
+					debug.assert(tail < format.len);
+
+					while (format[tail] != '}') {
+						tail += 1;
+
+						debug.assert(tail < format.len);
+					}
+
+					const arg_index_name = format[head .. tail];
+
+					try args_formatter.invoke(.{
+						.index = parse_int(usize_int, arg_index_name, .{}) catch @panic("invalid arg index value"),
+						.writer = writer,
+					});
+
+					tail += 1;
+					head = tail;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 ///
 /// Attempts to print the int `value` described by `int` to `writer`.
 ///

source/ona/kym/Ast.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+const coral = @import("coral");
+
+const tokens = @import("./tokens.zig");
+
+const types = @import("./types.zig");
+
+allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
+arena: coral.arena.Stacking,
+statements: StatementList,
+error_message: []const u8,
+
+pub const Expression = union (enum) {
+	nil_literal,
+	true_literal,
+	false_literal,
+	integer_literal: types.Integer,
+	float_literal: types.Float,
+	string_literal: []const u8,
+	array_literal: coral.list.Stack(Expression),
+
+	table_literal: coral.list.Stack(struct {
+		identifier: []const u8,
+		expression: Expression,
+	}),
+
+	grouped_expression: *Expression,
+
+	binary_operation: struct {
+		operator: tokens.Token,
+		lhs_expression: *Expression,
+		rhs_expression: *Expression,
+	},
+
+	unary_operation: struct {
+		operator: tokens.Token,
+		expression: *Expression,
+	},
+};
+
+const ExpressionParser = fn (self: *Self, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) types.ParseError!Expression;
+
+const Self = @This();
+
+pub const Statement = union (enum) {
+	return_expression: Expression,
+	return_nothing,
+};
+
+const StatementList = coral.list.Stack(Statement);
+
+const UnaryOperation = enum {
+	boolean_negation,
+	numeric_negation,
+};
+
+fn binary_operation_parser(comptime parse_next: ExpressionParser, comptime operators: []const tokens.Token) ExpressionParser {
+	return struct {
+		fn parse(self: *Self, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) types.ParseError!Expression {
+			var expression = try parse_next(self, tokenizer);
+
+			{
+				const allocator = self.arena.as_allocator();
+
+				inline for (operators) |operator| {
+					if (tokenizer.current_token == coral.io.tag_of(operator)) {
+						try self.check_syntax(
+							tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = true}),
+							"expected right-hand side of expression after `" ++ comptime operator.text() ++ "`");
+
+						expression = .{
+							.binary_operation = .{
+								.operator = operator,
+								.lhs_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(allocator, expression),
+								.rhs_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(allocator, try parse_next(self, tokenizer)),
+							},
+						};
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return expression;
+		}
+	}.parse;
+}
+
+fn check_syntax(self: *Self, condition: bool, error_message: []const u8) types.ParseError!void {
+	if (condition) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	return self.fail_syntax(error_message);
+}
+
+pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+	self.arena.clear_allocations();
+	self.statements.deinit(self.allocator);
+}
+
+fn fail_syntax(self: *Self, error_message: []const u8) types.ParseError {
+	self.error_message = error_message;
+
+	return error.BadSyntax;
+}
+
+pub fn init(allocator: coral.io.Allocator) coral.io.AllocationError!Self {
+	return Self{
+		.arena = .{
+			.base_allocator = allocator,
+			.min_page_size = 4096,
+		},
+
+		.allocator = allocator,
+		.statements = .{},
+		.error_message = "",
+	};
+}
+
+pub fn list_statements(self: Self) []const Statement {
+	return self.statements.values;
+}
+
+pub fn parse(self: *Self, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) types.ParseError!void {
+	self.reset();
+
+	errdefer self.reset();
+
+	var has_not_returned_yet = true;
+
+	while (tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false})) {
+		switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
+			.keyword_return => {
+				try self.check_syntax(has_not_returned_yet, "cannot return more than once per function scope");
+
+				try self.statements.push_one(self.allocator, get_statement: {
+					if (tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = true})) {
+						if (tokenizer.current_token != .newline) {
+							break: get_statement .{.return_expression = try self.parse_expression(tokenizer)};
+						}
+
+						if (tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = true})) {
+							try self.check_syntax(
+								tokenizer.current_token == .newline,
+								"expected end of declaration after return expression");
+						}
+					}
+
+					break: get_statement .return_nothing;
+				});
+
+				has_not_returned_yet = false;
+			},
+
+			else => return self.fail_syntax("invalid statement"),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+const parse_comparison = binary_operation_parser(parse_term, &.{
+	.symbol_greater_than,
+	.symbol_greater_equals,
+	.symbol_less_than,
+	.symbol_less_equals
+});
+
+const parse_equality = binary_operation_parser(parse_comparison, &.{
+	.symbol_double_equals,
+});
+
+const parse_expression = binary_operation_parser(parse_equality, &.{
+	.symbol_plus,
+	.symbol_minus,
+});
+
+fn parse_factor(self: *Self, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) types.ParseError!Expression {
+	switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
+		.symbol_paren_left => {
+			try self.check_syntax(tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}), "expected an expression after `(`");
+
+			const expression = try self.parse_expression(tokenizer);
+
+			try self.check_syntax(
+				tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}) and tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_paren_right,
+				"expected a closing `)` after expression");
+
+			return Expression{.grouped_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(self.arena.as_allocator(), expression)};
+		},
+
+		.integer => |value| {
+			_ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false});
+
+			return Expression{
+				.integer_literal = coral.utf8.parse_int(@typeInfo(types.Integer).Int, value, .{}) catch |parse_error| {
+					return self.fail_syntax(switch (parse_error) {
+						error.BadSyntax => "invalid integer literal",
+						error.IntOverflow => "integer literal is too big",
+					});
+				},
+			};
+		},
+
+		.real => |value| {
+			_ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false});
+
+			return Expression{
+				.float_literal = coral.utf8.parse_float(@typeInfo(types.Float).Float, value) catch |parse_error| {
+					return self.fail_syntax(switch (parse_error) {
+						error.BadSyntax => "invalid float literal",
+					});
+				},
+			};
+		},
+
+		.string => |value| {
+			_ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false});
+
+			return Expression{.string_literal = value};
+		},
+
+		.symbol_bracket_left => {
+			try self.check_syntax(tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}), "unexpected end of array literal");
+
+			var expression = Expression{.array_literal = .{}};
+
+			coral.debug.assert(expression == .array_literal);
+
+			const allocator = self.arena.as_allocator();
+			const array_average_maximum = 32;
+
+			try expression.array_literal.grow(allocator, array_average_maximum);
+
+			while (true) {
+				switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
+					.symbol_bracket_right => {
+						_ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false});
+
+						return expression;
+					},
+
+					else => {
+						try self.check_syntax(
+							tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}),
+							"expected `]` or expression after `[`");
+
+						try expression.array_literal.push_one(allocator, try self.parse_expression(tokenizer));
+					},
+				}
+			}
+		},
+
+		.symbol_brace_left => {
+			try self.check_syntax(tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}), "unexpected end of table literal");
+
+			var expression = Expression{.table_literal = .{}};
+
+			coral.debug.assert(expression == .table_literal);
+
+			const allocator = self.arena.as_allocator();
+
+			while (true) {
+				switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
+					.symbol_brace_right => {
+						_ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false});
+
+						return expression;
+					},
+
+					.local => |identifier| {
+						try self.check_syntax(
+							tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}) and tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_equals,
+							"expected `=` after identifier");
+
+						try self.check_syntax(tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}), "unexpected end after `=`");
+
+						try expression.table_literal.push_one(allocator, .{
+							.identifier = identifier,
+							.expression = try self.parse_expression(tokenizer),
+						});
+
+						switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
+							.symbol_comma => _ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}),
+
+							.symbol_brace_right => {
+								_ = tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false});
+
+								return expression;
+							},
+
+							else => return self.fail_syntax("expected `,` or `}` after expression"),
+						}
+					},
+
+					else => return self.fail_syntax("expected `}` or fields in table literal"),
+				}
+			}
+		},
+
+		.symbol_minus => {
+			try self.check_syntax(
+				tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}),
+				"expected expression after numeric negation (`-`)");
+
+			return Expression{
+				.unary_operation = .{
+					.expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(
+						self.arena.as_allocator(),
+						try self.parse_factor(tokenizer)),
+
+					.operator = .symbol_minus,
+				},
+			};
+		},
+
+		.symbol_bang => {
+			try self.check_syntax(
+				tokenizer.step(.{.include_newlines = false}),
+				"expected expression after numeric negation (`!`)");
+
+			return Expression{
+				.unary_operation = .{
+					.expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(
+						self.arena.as_allocator(),
+						try self.parse_factor(tokenizer)),
+
+					.operator = .symbol_bang,
+				},
+			};
+		},
+
+		else => return self.fail_syntax("unexpected token in expression"),
+	}
+}
+
+const parse_term = binary_operation_parser(parse_factor, &.{
+	.symbol_asterisk,
+	.symbol_forward_slash,
+});
+
+pub fn reset(self: *Self) void {
+	self.statements.clear();
+	self.arena.clear_allocations();
+}

source/ona/kym/Chunk.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-const Environment = @import("./Environment.zig");
+const Ast = @import("./Ast.zig");
 
-const ast = @import("./ast.zig");
+const Environment = @import("./Environment.zig");
 
 const coral = @import("coral");
 
@@ -51,54 +51,55 @@ fn clear_error_details(self: *Self) void {
 }
 
 pub fn compile(self: *Self, data: []const u8) types.RuntimeError!void {
-	var tokenizer = tokens.Tokenizer{.source = data};
+	var ast = try Ast.init(self.env.allocator);
-	var parsed_statements = try ast.ParsedStatements.init(self.env.allocator, &tokenizer);
 
-	switch (parsed_statements) {
+	errdefer ast.deinit();
-		.valid => |*statements| {
-			defer statements.deinit(self.env.allocator);
 
-			for (statements.list.values) |statement| {
+	{
-				switch (statement) {
+		var tokenizer = tokens.Tokenizer{.source = data};
-					.return_expression => |return_expression| {
-						try self.compile_expression(return_expression);
-						try self.emit_opcode(.ret);
-					},
 
-					.return_nothing => {
+		ast.parse(&tokenizer) catch |init_error| {
-						try self.emit_opcode(.push_nil);
+			if (init_error == error.OutOfMemory) {
-						try self.emit_opcode(.ret);
+				self.clear_error_details();
-					},
+
-				}
+				try self.message_data.push_all(self.env.allocator, "@(");
+
+				var message_buffer = self.message_data.as_buffer(self.env.allocator);
+				const message_writer = message_buffer.as_writer();
+
+				coral.utf8.print_int(@typeInfo(usize).Int, message_writer, tokenizer.lines_stepped) catch {
+					return error.OutOfMemory;
+				};
+
+				coral.utf8.print(message_writer, "): ") catch {
+					return error.OutOfMemory;
+				};
+
+				coral.utf8.print(message_writer, ast.error_message) catch {
+					return error.OutOfMemory;
+				};
 			}
-		},
 
-		.invalid => |invalid| {
+			return init_error;
-			self.clear_error_details();
+		};
+	}
 
-			try self.message_data.push_all(self.env.allocator, "@(");
+	for (ast.list_statements()) |statement| {
+		switch (statement) {
+			.return_expression => |return_expression| {
+				try self.compile_expression(return_expression);
+				try self.emit_opcode(.ret);
+			},
 
-			var message_buffer = self.message_data.as_buffer(self.env.allocator);
+			.return_nothing => {
-			const message_writer = message_buffer.as_writer();
+				try self.emit_opcode(.push_nil);
-
+				try self.emit_opcode(.ret);
-			coral.utf8.print_int(@typeInfo(usize).Int, message_writer, tokenizer.lines_stepped) catch {
+			},
-				return error.OutOfMemory;
+		}
-			};
-
-			coral.utf8.print(message_writer, "): ") catch {
-				return error.OutOfMemory;
-			};
-
-			coral.utf8.print(message_writer, invalid) catch {
-				return error.OutOfMemory;
-			};
-
-			return error.BadSyntax;
-		},
 	}
 }
 
-pub fn compile_expression(self: *Self, expression: ast.Expression) types.RuntimeError!void {
+pub fn compile_expression(self: *Self, expression: Ast.Expression) types.RuntimeError!void {
 	switch (expression) {
 		.nil_literal => try self.emit_opcode(.push_nil),
 		.true_literal => try self.emit_opcode(.push_true),
@@ -159,25 +160,27 @@ pub fn compile_expression(self: *Self, expression: ast.Expression) types.Runtime
 			try self.compile_expression(operation.lhs_expression.*);
 			try self.compile_expression(operation.rhs_expression.*);
 
-			try self.emit_opcode(switch (operation.kind) {
+			try self.emit_opcode(switch (operation.operator) {
-				.addition => .add,
+				.symbol_plus => .add,
-				.subtraction => .sub,
+				.symbol_minus => .sub,
-				.multiplication => .mul,
+				.symbol_asterisk => .mul,
-				.division => .div,
+				.symbol_forward_slash => .div,
-				.equality_comparison => .compare_eq,
+				.symbol_double_equals => .compare_eq,
-				.greater_than_comparison => .compare_gt,
+				.symbol_greater_than => .compare_gt,
-				.greater_equals_comparison => .compare_ge,
+				.symbol_greater_equals => .compare_ge,
-				.less_than_comparison => .compare_lt,
+				.symbol_less_than => .compare_lt,
-				.less_equals_comparison => .compare_le,
+				.symbol_less_equals => .compare_le,
+				else => unreachable,
 			});
 		},
 
 		.unary_operation => |operation| {
 			try self.compile_expression(operation.expression.*);
 
-			try self.emit_opcode(switch (operation.kind) {
+			try self.emit_opcode(switch (operation.operator) {
-				.boolean_negation => .not,
+				.symbol_bang => .not,
-				.numeric_negation => .neg,
+				.symbol_minus => .neg,
+				else => unreachable,
 			});
 		},
 
@@ -217,20 +220,16 @@ pub fn error_details(self: Self) []const u8 {
 }
 
 pub fn init(env: *Environment, chunk_name: []const u8) coral.io.AllocationError!Self {
-	var bytecode_buffer = try Buffer.init(env.allocator, 0);
+	var message_data = Buffer{};
 
-	errdefer bytecode_buffer.deinit(env.allocator);
+	try message_data.push_all(env.allocator, chunk_name);
-
-	var message_data = try Buffer.init(env.allocator, chunk_name.len);
 
 	errdefer message_data.deinit(env.allocator);
 
-	message_data.push_all(env.allocator, chunk_name) catch unreachable;
-
 	return Self{
 		.env = env,
 		.message_data = message_data,
-		.bytecode_buffer = bytecode_buffer,
+		.bytecode_buffer = .{},
 		.message_name_len = chunk_name.len,
 	};
 }

source/ona/kym/Environment.zig

@@ -235,8 +235,10 @@ pub fn execute_file(self: *Self, fs: file.System, file_path: file.Path) ExecuteF
 
 	defer readable_file.close();
 
+	var file_source = coral.list.Stack(u8){};
 	const file_size = (try fs.query_info(file_path)).size;
-	var file_source = try coral.list.Stack(u8).init(self.allocator, file_size);
+
+	try file_source.grow(self.allocator, file_size);
 
 	defer file_source.deinit(self.allocator);
 
@@ -287,41 +289,35 @@ pub fn get_object(self: *Self, indexable: types.Ref, index: types.Ref) types.Run
 }
 
 pub fn init(allocator: coral.io.Allocator, options: InitOptions) !Self {
-	var values = try ValueStack.init(allocator, options.values_max * options.calls_max);
+	var env = Self{
-
-	errdefer values.deinit(allocator);
-
-	var calls = try CallStack.init(allocator, options.calls_max);
-
-	errdefer calls.deinit(allocator);
-
-	var interned = try InternTable.init(allocator);
-
-	errdefer interned.deinit(allocator);
-
-	var heap = try ObjectSlab.init(allocator);
-
-	errdefer heap.deinit(allocator);
-
-	var environment = Self{
 		.global_object = 0,
 		.allocator = allocator,
 		.reporter = options.reporter,
-		.interned = interned,
+		.interned = .{},
-		.values = values,
+		.values = .{},
-		.calls = calls,
+		.calls = .{},
-		.heap = heap,
+		.heap = .{},
 	};
 
-	const globals = try environment.new_object(&.{}, .{
+	errdefer {
-		.identity = "KYM GLOBAL OBJECT OC DO NOT STEAL",
+		env.values.deinit(allocator);
-	});
+		env.calls.deinit(allocator);
+	}
 
-	coral.debug.assert(globals == .object);
+	try env.values.grow(allocator, options.values_max * options.calls_max);
+	try env.calls.grow(allocator, options.calls_max);
 
-	environment.global_object = globals.object;
+	{
+		const globals = try env.new_object(&.{}, .{
+			.identity = "KYM GLOBAL OBJECT OC DO NOT STEAL",
+		});
 
-	return environment;
+		coral.debug.assert(globals == .object);
+
+		env.global_object = globals.object;
+	}
+
+	return env;
 }
 
 pub fn intern(self: *Self, string: []const u8) coral.io.AllocationError!types.Ref {
@@ -360,17 +356,13 @@ pub fn new_object(self: *Self, userdata: []const u8, info: ObjectInfo) coral.io.
 
 	coral.io.copy(allocation, userdata);
 
-	var fields = try Object.Fields.init(self.allocator);
-
-	errdefer fields.deinit(self.allocator);
-
 	return .{.object = try self.heap.insert(self.allocator, .{
 		.ref_count = 1,
 
 		.state = .{
 			.info = info,
 			.userdata = allocation,
-			.fields = fields,
+			.fields = .{},
 		},
 	})};
 }

source/ona/kym/ast.zig

@@ -1,755 +0,0 @@
-const coral = @import("coral");
-
-const tokens = @import("./tokens.zig");
-
-const types = @import("./types.zig");
-
-const ArrayElements = coral.list.Stack(Expression);
-
-pub const BinaryOperation = enum {
-	addition,
-	subtraction,
-	multiplication,
-	division,
-	equality_comparison,
-	greater_than_comparison,
-	greater_equals_comparison,
-	less_than_comparison,
-	less_equals_comparison,
-};
-
-pub const ParsedExpression = union (enum) {
-	valid: Expression,
-	invalid: []const u8,
-
-	pub fn init(allocator: coral.io.Allocator, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) coral.io.AllocationError!ParsedExpression {
-		var parsed_lhs_expression = try init_equality(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-		switch (parsed_lhs_expression) {
-			.valid => |*lhs_expression| {
-				var expression = lhs_expression.*;
-				var is_invalid = true;
-
-				defer if (is_invalid) {
-					expression.deinit(allocator);
-				};
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_plus) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `+`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_equality(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.addition,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_minus) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `-`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_equality(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.subtraction,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				is_invalid = false;
-
-				return ParsedExpression{.valid = expression};
-			},
-
-			.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn init_comparison(
-		allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
-		tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) coral.io.AllocationError!ParsedExpression {
-
-		var parsed_lhs_expression = try init_term(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-		switch (parsed_lhs_expression) {
-			.valid => |*lhs_expression| {
-				var expression = lhs_expression.*;
-				var is_invalid = true;
-
-				defer if (is_invalid) {
-					expression.deinit(allocator);
-				};
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_greater_than) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `>`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_term(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.greater_than_comparison,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_greater_equals) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `>=`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_term(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.greater_equals_comparison,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_less_than) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `<`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_term(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.less_than_comparison,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_less_equals) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `<=`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_term(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.less_equals_comparison,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				is_invalid = false;
-
-				return ParsedExpression{.valid = expression};
-			},
-
-			.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn init_equality(
-		allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
-		tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) coral.io.AllocationError!ParsedExpression {
-
-		var parsed_lhs_expression = try init_comparison(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-		switch (parsed_lhs_expression) {
-			.valid => |*lhs_expression| {
-				var expression = lhs_expression.*;
-				var is_invalid = true;
-
-				defer if (is_invalid) {
-					expression.deinit(allocator);
-				};
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_double_equals) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `==`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_comparison(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.equality_comparison,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				is_invalid = false;
-
-				return ParsedExpression{.valid = expression};
-			},
-
-			.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn init_factor(
-		allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
-		tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) coral.io.AllocationError!ParsedExpression {
-
-		switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
-			.symbol_paren_left => {
-				if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-					return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected an expression after `(`"};
-				}
-
-				var parsed_expression = try ParsedExpression.init(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-				switch (parsed_expression) {
-					.valid => |*expression| {
-						var is_invalid = true;
-
-						defer if (is_invalid) {
-							expression.deinit(allocator);
-						};
-
-						if ((!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) or (tokenizer.current_token != .symbol_paren_right)) {
-							return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected a closing `)` after expression"};
-						}
-
-						is_invalid = false;
-
-						return ParsedExpression{
-							.valid = .{.grouped_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(allocator, expression.*)},
-						};
-					},
-
-					.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-				}
-			},
-
-			.integer => |value| return ParsedExpression{
-				.valid = .{
-					.integer_literal = coral.utf8.parse_int(
-						@typeInfo(types.Integer).Int,
-						value, .{}) catch |parse_error| {
-
-						return ParsedExpression{
-							.invalid = switch (parse_error) {
-								error.BadSyntax => "invalid integer literal",
-								error.IntOverflow => "integer literal is too big",
-							}
-						};
-					},
-				},
-			},
-
-			.real => |value| return ParsedExpression{
-				.valid = .{
-					.float_literal = coral.utf8.parse_float(
-						@typeInfo(types.Float).Float,
-						value) catch |parse_error| {
-
-						return ParsedExpression{
-							.invalid = switch (parse_error) {
-								error.BadSyntax => "invalid float literal",
-							},
-						};
-					},
-				},
-			},
-
-			.string => |value| return ParsedExpression{
-				.valid = .{.string_literal = value},
-			},
-
-			.symbol_bracket_left => {
-				if (tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-					return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "unexpected end of array literal"};
-				}
-
-				var is_invalid = true;
-				var array_elements = try ArrayElements.init(allocator, 0);
-
-				defer if (is_invalid) {
-					array_elements.deinit(allocator);
-				};
-
-				while (true) {
-					switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
-						.symbol_bracket_right => {
-							_ = tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines);
-							is_invalid = false;
-
-							return ParsedExpression{
-								.valid = .{.array_literal = array_elements},
-							};
-						},
-
-						else => {
-							if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-								return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected `]` or expression after `[`"};
-							}
-
-							var parsed_expression = try ParsedExpression.init(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-							switch (parsed_expression) {
-								.valid => |*expression| {
-									errdefer expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-									try array_elements.push_one(allocator, expression.*);
-								},
-
-								.invalid => |detail| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = detail},
-							}
-						},
-					}
-				}
-			},
-
-			.symbol_brace_left => {
-				if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-					return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "unexpected end of table literal"};
-				}
-
-				var is_invalid = true;
-				var table_fields = try TableFields.init(allocator, 0);
-
-				defer if (is_invalid) {
-					table_fields.deinit(allocator);
-				};
-
-				while (true) {
-					switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
-						.symbol_brace_right => {
-							_ = tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines);
-							is_invalid = false;
-
-							return ParsedExpression{
-								.valid = .{.table_literal = table_fields},
-							};
-						},
-
-						.local => |identifier| {
-							const key = identifier;
-
-							if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines) or tokenizer.current_token != .symbol_equals) {
-								return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected `=` after identifier"};
-							}
-
-							if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-								return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "unexpected end after `=`"};
-							}
-
-							var parsed_expression = try init(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-							switch (parsed_expression) {
-								.valid => |*expression| {
-									errdefer expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-									try table_fields.push_one(allocator, .{
-										.identifier = key,
-										.expression = expression.*,
-									});
-								},
-
-								.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-							}
-
-							if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-								return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "unexpected end after expression"};
-							}
-
-							switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
-								.symbol_comma => _ = tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines),
-
-								.symbol_brace_right => {
-									_ = tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines);
-									is_invalid = false;
-
-									return ParsedExpression{
-										.valid = .{.table_literal = table_fields},
-									};
-								},
-
-								else => return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected `,` or `}` after expression"},
-							}
-						},
-
-						else => return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected `}` or fields in table literal"},
-					}
-				}
-			},
-
-			.symbol_minus => {
-				if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-					return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected expression after numeric negation (`-`)"};
-				}
-
-				var parsed_factor_expression = try init_factor(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-				switch (parsed_factor_expression) {
-					.valid => |*factor_expression| {
-						errdefer factor_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-						return ParsedExpression{
-							.valid = try Expression.init_unary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.numeric_negation,
-								factor_expression),
-						};
-					},
-
-					.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-				}
-			},
-
-			.symbol_bang => {
-				if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-					return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected expression after boolean negation (`!`)"};
-				}
-
-				var parsed_factor_expression = try init_factor(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-				switch (parsed_factor_expression) {
-					.valid => |*factor_expression| {
-						errdefer factor_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-						return ParsedExpression{
-							.valid = try Expression.init_unary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.boolean_negation,
-								factor_expression),
-						};
-					},
-
-					.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-				}
-			},
-
-			else => return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "unexpected token in expression"},
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn init_term(allocator: coral.io.Allocator, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) coral.io.AllocationError!ParsedExpression {
-		var parsed_lhs_expression = try init_factor(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-		switch (parsed_lhs_expression) {
-			.valid => |*lhs_expression| {
-				var expression = lhs_expression.*;
-				var is_invalid = true;
-
-				defer if (is_invalid) {
-					expression.deinit(allocator);
-				};
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_asterisk) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `*`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_factor(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.multiplication,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (tokenizer.current_token == .symbol_forward_slash) {
-					if (!tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-						return ParsedExpression{.invalid = "expected right-hand side of expression after `/`"};
-					}
-
-					var parsed_rhs_expression = try init_equality(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-					switch (parsed_rhs_expression) {
-						.valid => |*rhs_expression| {
-							errdefer rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-							expression = try Expression.init_binary_operation(
-								allocator,
-								.division,
-								lhs_expression,
-								rhs_expression);
-						},
-
-						.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-					}
-				}
-
-				is_invalid = false;
-
-				return ParsedExpression{.valid = expression};
-			},
-
-			.invalid => |details| return ParsedExpression{.invalid = details},
-		}
-	}
-};
-
-pub const ParsedStatements = union (enum) {
-	valid: Statements,
-	invalid: []const u8,
-
-	pub fn init(allocator: coral.io.Allocator, tokenizer: *tokens.Tokenizer) coral.io.AllocationError!ParsedStatements {
-		var statements_list = try Statements.List.init(allocator, 0);
-		var has_returned = false;
-		var is_invalid = true;
-
-		defer if (is_invalid) {
-			for (statements_list.values) |*statement| {
-				statement.deinit(allocator);
-			}
-
-			statements_list.deinit(allocator);
-		};
-
-		while (tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines)) {
-			switch (tokenizer.current_token) {
-				.keyword_return => {
-					if (has_returned) {
-						return ParsedStatements{.invalid = "cannot return more than once per function scope"};
-					}
-
-					if (tokenizer.step(.include_newlines) and (tokenizer.current_token != .newline)) {
-						var parsed_expression = try ParsedExpression.init(allocator, tokenizer);
-
-						switch (parsed_expression) {
-							.valid => |*expression| {
-								errdefer expression.deinit(allocator);
-
-								try statements_list.push_one(allocator, .{
-									.return_expression = expression.*,
-								});
-							},
-
-							.invalid => |details| {
-								return ParsedStatements{.invalid = details};
-							},
-						}
-					} else {
-						try statements_list.push_one(allocator, .return_nothing);
-					}
-
-					if (tokenizer.step(.ignore_newlines) and tokenizer.current_token != .newline) {
-						return ParsedStatements{.invalid = "expected newline"};
-					}
-
-					has_returned = true;
-				},
-
-				else => return ParsedStatements{.invalid = "invalid statement"},
-			}
-		}
-
-		is_invalid = false;
-
-		return ParsedStatements{
-			.valid = .{
-				.list = statements_list,
-			},
-		};
-	}
-};
-
-pub const Expression = union (enum) {
-	nil_literal,
-	true_literal,
-	false_literal,
-	integer_literal: types.Integer,
-	float_literal: types.Float,
-	string_literal: []const u8,
-	array_literal: ArrayElements,
-	table_literal: TableFields,
-	grouped_expression: *Expression,
-
-	binary_operation: struct {
-		kind: BinaryOperation,
-		lhs_expression: *Expression,
-		rhs_expression: *Expression,
-	},
-
-	unary_operation: struct {
-		kind: UnaryOperation,
-		expression: *Expression,
-	},
-
-	fn deinit(self: *Expression, allocator: coral.io.Allocator) void {
-		switch (self.*) {
-			.nil_literal, .true_literal, .false_literal, .integer_literal, .float_literal, .string_literal => {},
-
-			.array_literal => |*elements| {
-				for (elements.values) |*element_expression| {
-					element_expression.deinit(allocator);
-				}
-
-				elements.deinit(allocator);
-			},
-
-			.table_literal => |*fields| {
-				for (fields.values) |*field| {
-					field.expression.deinit(allocator);
-				}
-
-				fields.deinit(allocator);
-			},
-
-			.grouped_expression => |expression| {
-				expression.deinit(allocator);
-			},
-
-			.binary_operation => |operation| {
-				operation.lhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-				coral.io.deallocate(allocator, operation.lhs_expression);
-				operation.rhs_expression.deinit(allocator);
-				coral.io.deallocate(allocator, operation.rhs_expression);
-			},
-
-			.unary_operation => |operation| {
-				operation.expression.deinit(allocator);
-				coral.io.deallocate(allocator, operation.expression);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn init_binary_operation(
-		allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
-		kind: BinaryOperation,
-		lhs_expression: *const Expression,
-		rhs_operation: *const Expression) coral.io.AllocationError!Expression {
-
-		const allocated_lhs_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(allocator, lhs_expression.*);
-
-		errdefer coral.io.deallocate(allocator, allocated_lhs_expression);
-
-		const allocated_rhs_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(allocator, rhs_operation.*);
-
-		errdefer coral.io.deallocate(allocator, allocated_rhs_expression);
-
-		return Expression{
-			.binary_operation = .{
-				.kind = kind,
-				.lhs_expression = allocated_lhs_expression,
-				.rhs_expression = allocated_rhs_expression,
-			},
-		};
-	}
-
-	fn init_unary_operation(
-		allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
-		kind: UnaryOperation,
-		expression: *const Expression) coral.io.AllocationError!Expression {
-
-		const allocated_expression = try coral.io.allocate_one(allocator, expression.*);
-
-		errdefer coral.io.deallocate(allocator, allocated_expression);
-
-		return Expression{
-			.unary_operation = .{
-				.kind = kind,
-				.expression = allocated_expression,
-			},
-		};
-	}
-};
-
-pub const Statements = struct {
-	list: List,
-
-	const List = coral.list.Stack(union (enum) {
-		return_expression: Expression,
-		return_nothing,
-
-		const Self = @This();
-
-		fn deinit(self: *Self, allocator: coral.io.Allocator) void {
-			switch (self.*) {
-				.return_expression => |*expression| {
-					expression.deinit(allocator);
-				},
-
-				.return_nothing => {},
-			}
-		}
-	});
-
-	pub fn deinit(self: *Statements, allocator: coral.io.Allocator) void {
-		for (self.list.values) |*statement| {
-			statement.deinit(allocator);
-		}
-
-		self.list.deinit(allocator);
-	}
-};
-
-const TableFields = coral.list.Stack(struct {
-	identifier: []const u8,
-	expression: Expression,
-});
-
-pub const UnaryOperation = enum {
-	boolean_negation,
-	numeric_negation,
-};

source/ona/kym/tokens.zig

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ pub const Token = union(enum) {
 	global: []const u8,
 	local: []const u8,
 
-	symbol_assign,
 	symbol_plus,
 	symbol_minus,
 	symbol_asterisk,
@@ -43,25 +42,32 @@ pub const Token = union(enum) {
 	pub fn text(self: Token) []const u8 {
 		return switch (self) {
 			.unknown => |unknown| @ptrCast([*]const u8, &unknown)[0 .. 1],
-			.identifier_global => |identifier| identifier,
+			.newline => "newline",
-			.identifier_local => |identifier| identifier,
 
-			.assign => "=",
+			.global => |identifier| identifier,
-			.plus => "+",
+			.local => |identifier| identifier,
-			.minus => "-",
+
-			.asterisk => "*",
+			.symbol_plus => "+",
-			.forward_slash => "/",
+			.symbol_minus => "-",
-			.paren_left => "(",
+			.symbol_asterisk => "*",
-			.paren_right => ")",
+			.symbol_forward_slash => "/",
-			.bang => "!",
+			.symbol_paren_left => "(",
-			.comma => ",",
+			.symbol_paren_right => ")",
-			.at => "@",
+			.symbol_bang => "!",
-			.brace_left => "{",
+			.symbol_comma => ",",
-			.brace_right => "}",
+			.symbol_at => "@",
-			.bracket_left => "[",
+			.symbol_brace_left => "{",
-			.bracket_right => "]",
+			.symbol_brace_right => "}",
-			.period => ".",
+			.symbol_bracket_left => "[",
-			.arrow => "=>",
+			.symbol_bracket_right => "]",
+			.symbol_period => ".",
+			.symbol_lambda => "=>",
+			.symbol_less_than => "<",
+			.symbol_less_equals => "<=",
+			.symbol_greater_than => ">",
+			.symbol_greater_equals => ">=",
+			.symbol_equals => "=",
+			.symbol_double_equals => "==",
 
 			.integer => |literal| literal,
 			.real => |literal| literal,
@@ -79,329 +85,332 @@ pub const Token = union(enum) {
 pub const Tokenizer = struct {
 	source: []const u8,
 	lines_stepped: usize = 1,
-	previous_token: Token = .newline,
+	current_token: Token = .{.unknown = 0},
-	current_token: Token = .newline,
 
-	pub fn step(self: *Tokenizer, newline_rules: enum { ignore_newlines, include_newlines }) bool {
+	const StepOptions = struct {
-		self.previous_token = self.current_token;
+		include_newlines: bool,
+	};
 
+	const default_token = Token{.unknown = 0};
+
+	pub fn step(self: *Tokenizer, options: StepOptions) bool {
 		var cursor = @as(usize, 0);
 
 		defer self.source = self.source[cursor ..];
 
-		while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+		defer @import("std").debug.print("{s}\n", .{self.current_token.text()});
-			'#' => {
-				cursor += 1;
 
-				while (cursor < self.source.len and self.source[cursor] == '\n') {
+		while (cursor < self.source.len) {
+			switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+				'#' => {
 					cursor += 1;
-				}
-			},
 
-			' ', '\t' => cursor += 1,
+					while (cursor < self.source.len and self.source[cursor] == '\n') {
+						cursor += 1;
+					}
+				},
 
-			'\n' => {
+				' ', '\t' => cursor += 1,
-				cursor += 1;
 
-				switch (newline_rules) {
+				'\n' => {
-					.include_newlines => {
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					if (options.include_newlines) {
 						self.lines_stepped += 1;
 						self.current_token = .newline;
 
 						return true;
-					},
+					}
+				},
 
-					else => {},
+				'0' ... '9' => {
-				}
+					const begin = cursor;
-			},
 
-			'0' ... '9' => {
+					cursor += 1;
-				const begin = cursor;
 
-				cursor += 1;
+					while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+						'0' ... '9' => cursor += 1,
 
-				while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+						'.' => {
-					'0' ... '9' => cursor += 1,
-
-					'.' => {
-						cursor += 1;
-
-						while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-							'0' ... '9' => cursor += 1,
-							else => break,
-						};
-
-						self.current_token = .{.real = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					else => break,
-				};
-
-				self.current_token = .{.integer = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'A' ... 'Z', 'a' ... 'z', '_' => {
-				const begin = cursor;
-
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-					'0'...'9', 'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '_' => cursor += 1,
-					else => break,
-				};
-
-				const identifier = self.source[begin .. cursor];
-
-				coral.debug.assert(identifier.len != 0);
-
-				switch (identifier[0]) {
-					'n' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "il")) {
-						self.current_token = .keyword_nil;
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					'f' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "alse")) {
-						self.current_token = .keyword_false;
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					't' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "rue")) {
-						self.current_token = .keyword_true;
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					'r' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "eturn")) {
-						self.current_token = .keyword_return;
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					's' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "elf")) {
-						self.current_token = .keyword_self;
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					else => {},
-				}
-
-				self.current_token = .{.local = identifier};
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'@' => {
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				if (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-					'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '_' => {
-						const begin = cursor;
-
-						cursor += 1;
-
-						while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-							'0'...'9', 'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '_' => cursor += 1,
-							else => break,
-						};
-
-						self.current_token = .{.global = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					'"' => {
-						cursor += 1;
-
-						const begin = cursor;
-
-						cursor += 1;
-
-						while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-							'"' => break,
-							else => cursor += 1,
-						};
-
-						self.current_token = .{.global = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
-						cursor += 1;
-
-						return true;
-					},
-
-					else => {},
-				};
-
-				self.current_token = .symbol_at;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'"' => {
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				const begin = cursor;
-
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-					'"' => break,
-					else => cursor += 1,
-				};
-
-				self.current_token = .{.string = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'{' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_brace_left;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'}' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_brace_right;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			',' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_comma;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'!' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_bang;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			')' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_paren_right;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'(' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_paren_left;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'/' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_forward_slash;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'*' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_asterisk;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'-' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_minus;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'+' => {
-				self.current_token = .symbol_plus;
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'=' => {
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				if (cursor < self.source.len) {
-					switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-						'=' => {
 							cursor += 1;
-							self.current_token = .symbol_double_equals;
+
+							while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+								'0' ... '9' => cursor += 1,
+								else => break,
+							};
+
+							self.current_token = .{.real = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
 
 							return true;
 						},
 
-						'>' => {
+						else => break,
-							cursor += 1;
+					};
-							self.current_token = .symbol_lambda;
+
+					self.current_token = .{.integer = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'A' ... 'Z', 'a' ... 'z', '_' => {
+					const begin = cursor;
+
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+						'0'...'9', 'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '_' => cursor += 1,
+						else => break,
+					};
+
+					const identifier = self.source[begin .. cursor];
+
+					coral.debug.assert(identifier.len != 0);
+
+					switch (identifier[0]) {
+						'n' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "il")) {
+							self.current_token = .keyword_nil;
+
+							return true;
+						},
+
+						'f' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "alse")) {
+							self.current_token = .keyword_false;
+
+							return true;
+						},
+
+						't' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "rue")) {
+							self.current_token = .keyword_true;
+
+							return true;
+						},
+
+						'r' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "eturn")) {
+							self.current_token = .keyword_return;
+
+							return true;
+						},
+
+						's' => if (coral.io.ends_with(identifier, "elf")) {
+							self.current_token = .keyword_self;
 
 							return true;
 						},
 
 						else => {},
 					}
-				}
 
-				self.current_token = .symbol_equals;
+					self.current_token = .{.local = identifier};
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'<' => {
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				if (cursor < self.source.len and (self.source[cursor] == '=')) {
-					cursor += 1;
-					self.current_token = .symbol_less_equals;
 
 					return true;
-				}
+				},
 
-				self.current_token = .symbol_less_than;
+				'@' => {
-
-				return true;
-			},
-
-			'>' => {
-				cursor += 1;
-
-				if (cursor < self.source.len and (self.source[cursor] == '=')) {
 					cursor += 1;
-					self.current_token = .symbol_greater_equals;
+
+					if (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+						'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '_' => {
+							const begin = cursor;
+
+							cursor += 1;
+
+							while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+								'0'...'9', 'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '_' => cursor += 1,
+								else => break,
+							};
+
+							self.current_token = .{.global = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
+
+							return true;
+						},
+
+						'"' => {
+							cursor += 1;
+
+							const begin = cursor;
+
+							cursor += 1;
+
+							while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+								'"' => break,
+								else => cursor += 1,
+							};
+
+							self.current_token = .{.global = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
+							cursor += 1;
+
+							return true;
+						},
+
+						else => {},
+					};
+
+					self.current_token = .symbol_at;
 
 					return true;
-				}
+				},
 
-				self.current_token = .symbol_greater_than;
+				'"' => {
+					cursor += 1;
 
-				return true;
+					const begin = cursor;
-			},
 
-			'.' => {
+					cursor += 1;
-				self.current_token = .symbol_period;
-				cursor += 1;
 
-				return true;
+					while (cursor < self.source.len) switch (self.source[cursor]) {
-			},
+						'"' => break,
+						else => cursor += 1,
+					};
 
-			else => {
+					self.current_token = .{.string = self.source[begin .. cursor]};
-				self.current_token = .{.unknown = self.source[cursor]};
+					cursor += 1;
-				cursor += 1;
 
-				return true;
+					return true;
-			},
+				},
-		};
+
+				'{' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_brace_left;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'}' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_brace_right;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				',' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_comma;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'!' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_bang;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				')' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_paren_right;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'(' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_paren_left;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'/' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_forward_slash;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'*' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_asterisk;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'-' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_minus;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'+' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_plus;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'=' => {
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					if (cursor < self.source.len) {
+						switch (self.source[cursor]) {
+							'=' => {
+								cursor += 1;
+								self.current_token = .symbol_double_equals;
+
+								return true;
+							},
+
+							'>' => {
+								cursor += 1;
+								self.current_token = .symbol_lambda;
+
+								return true;
+							},
+
+							else => {},
+						}
+					}
+
+					self.current_token = .symbol_equals;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'<' => {
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					if (cursor < self.source.len and (self.source[cursor] == '=')) {
+						cursor += 1;
+						self.current_token = .symbol_less_equals;
+
+						return true;
+					}
+
+					self.current_token = .symbol_less_than;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'>' => {
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					if (cursor < self.source.len and (self.source[cursor] == '=')) {
+						cursor += 1;
+						self.current_token = .symbol_greater_equals;
+
+						return true;
+					}
+
+					self.current_token = .symbol_greater_than;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				'.' => {
+					self.current_token = .symbol_period;
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+
+				else => {
+					self.current_token = .{.unknown = self.source[cursor]};
+					cursor += 1;
+
+					return true;
+				},
+			}
+		}
 
 		self.current_token = .newline;
 

source/ona/kym/types.zig

@@ -28,10 +28,13 @@ pub const Ref = union (Primitive) {
 	object: Object,
 };
 
-pub const RuntimeError = coral.io.AllocationError || CheckError || error {
+pub const ParseError = error {
+	OutOfMemory,
 	BadSyntax,
 };
 
+pub const RuntimeError = CheckError || ParseError;
+
 pub const Val = union (Primitive) {
 	nil,
 	false,

source/ona/ona.zig

@@ -59,17 +59,15 @@ pub fn run_app(base_file_system: file.System) void {
 	const Logger = struct {
 		const Self = @This();
 
-		fn log(_: *Self, message: []const u8) void {
+		fn log(_: *const Self, message: []const u8) void {
 			ext.SDL_LogError(ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION, "%.*s", message.len, message.ptr);
 		}
 	};
 
-	var logger = Logger{};
-
 	var script_environment = kym.Environment.init(heap.allocator, .{
 		.values_max = 512,
 		.calls_max = 512,
-		.reporter = kym.Environment.Reporter.bind(Logger, &logger, Logger.log),
+		.reporter = kym.Environment.Reporter.bind(Logger, &.{}, Logger.log),
 	}) catch {
 		return ext.SDL_LogError(ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION, "failed to initialize Kym vm\n");
 	};

source/runner.zig

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
+const coral = @import("coral");
+
 const ona = @import("ona");
 
 pub fn main() !void {
+	var data = [_]u8{0} ** 32;
+	var fixed_buffer = coral.io.FixedBuffer{.slice = &data};
+
+	try coral.utf8.print_formatted(fixed_buffer.as_writer(), "hello, {}", coral.utf8.format_args(.{"world"}));
+
 	ona.run_app(.{.sandboxed_path = &ona.file.Path.cwd});
 }