.vscode/launch.json

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 			"name": "Runner",
 			"type": "gdb",
 			"request": "launch",
-			"target": "${workspaceRoot}/demos/canvas.out",
+			"target": "${workspaceRoot}/demos/effects.out",
 			"cwd": "${workspaceRoot}/demos/",
 			"valuesFormatting": "prettyPrinters",
 			"preLaunchTask": "Build All"

build.zig

@@ -254,20 +254,6 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) !void {
 
 	gfx_module.link_libc = true;
 
-	_ = try project.add_module(b, "gui", .{
-		.imports = &.{
-			.{
-				.name = "ona",
-				.module = ona_module,
-			},
-
-			.{
-				.name = "gfx",
-				.module = gfx_module,
-			},
-		},
-	});
-
 	project.find_demos(b.step("demos", "Build demos"));
 	project.find_tests(b.step("tests", "Build and run tests"));
 }

demos/canvas.zig

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-const gfx = @import("gfx");
-
-const gui = @import("gui");
-
-const hid = @import("hid");
-
-const ona = @import("ona");
-
-pub const main = ona.App.game
-	.with_module(gfx)
-	.with_module(hid)
-	.with_module(gui)
-	.with_system(.load, ona.system_fn(load), .{ .label = "Hello Ona" }).build();
-
-fn load(canvas: ona.Write(gui.Canvas)) !void {
-	const item = try canvas.state.append("", .{
-		.x = 0,
-		.y = 0,
-		.width = 256,
-		.height = 256,
-	});
-
-	try canvas.state.set_block(item, .{
-		.has_color = gfx.colors.purple,
-	});
-
-	try canvas.state.set_label(item, .{
-		.has_text = "Hello, world",
-	});
-
-	const item2 = try canvas.state.append("", .{
-		.x = 128,
-		.y = 128,
-		.width = 256,
-		.height = 256,
-	});
-
-	try canvas.state.set_block(item2, .{
-		.has_color = .{0, 1, 0, 1},
-	});
-
-	canvas.state.set_parent(item2, item);
-}
-

demos/effects.zig

@@ -56,23 +56,23 @@ fn load(display: ona.Write(gfx.Display), effects: ona.Write(Effects), assets: on
 	};
 }
 
-pub const main = ona.App.game
+pub const main = ona.App.setup.
-	.with_module(gfx)
+	with_module(gfx).
-	.with_state(Effects{})
+	with_state(Effects{}).
-	.with_system(.load, ona.system_fn(load), .{.label = "load effects"})
+	with_system(.load, ona.system_fn(load), .{.label = "load effects"}).
-	.with_system(.update, ona.system_fn(update), .{.label = "update effects"})
+	with_system(.update, ona.system_fn(update), .{.label = "update effects"}).
-	.with_system(.render, ona.system_fn(render), .{.label = "render effects"}).build();
+	with_system(.render, ona.system_fn(render), .{.label = "render effects"}).build();
 
-fn update(effects: ona.Write(Effects), loop: ona.Read(ona.Loop)) void {
+fn update(effects: ona.Write(Effects), app: ona.Read(ona.App)) void {
 	const update_seconds = 5;
 
-	if ((loop.state.elapsed_time - effects.state.last_time) > update_seconds) {
+	if ((app.state.elapsed_time - effects.state.last_time) > update_seconds) {
 		effects.state.image_index = (effects.state.image_index + 1) % effects.state.image_textures.len;
-		effects.state.last_time = loop.state.elapsed_time;
+		effects.state.last_time = app.state.elapsed_time;
 	}
 }
 
-fn render(commands: gfx.Commands, effects: ona.Write(Effects), loop: ona.Read(ona.Loop), display: ona.Write(gfx.Display)) !void {
+fn render(commands: gfx.Commands, effects: ona.Write(Effects), app: ona.Read(ona.App), display: ona.Write(gfx.Display)) !void {
 	try commands.set_target(.{
 		.texture = effects.state.render_texture,
 		.clear_color = gfx.colors.black,
@@ -80,21 +80,26 @@ fn render(commands: gfx.Commands, effects: ona.Write(Effects), loop: ona.Read(on
 		.clear_stencil = 0,
 	});
 
-	const width: f32 = @floatFromInt(display.state.width);
+	const display_width: f32 = @floatFromInt(display.state.width);
-	const height: f32 = @floatFromInt(display.state.height);
+	const display_height: f32 = @floatFromInt(display.state.height);
+
+	const display_transform = gfx.transform_2d(.{
+		.translation = .{display_width / 2, display_height / 2},
+	});
 
 	try commands.draw_texture(.{
 		.texture = effects.state.image_textures[effects.state.image_index],
-		.size = .{width, height},
+		.transform = display_transform,
+		.resolution = .{display.state.width, display.state.height},
 	});
 
 	try commands.set_effect(.{
 		.effect = effects.state.crt_effect,
 
 		.properties = std.mem.asBytes(&CRT{
-			.width = width,
+			.width = display_width,
-			.height = height,
+			.height = display_height,
-			.time = @floatCast(loop.state.elapsed_time),
+			.time = @floatCast(app.state.elapsed_time),
 		}),
 	});
 
@@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ fn render(commands: gfx.Commands, effects: ona.Write(Effects), loop: ona.Read(on
 
 	try commands.draw_texture(.{
 		.texture = effects.state.render_texture,
-		.size = .{width, height},
+		.transform = display_transform,
 	});
 }
 

demos/inputs.zig

@@ -6,68 +6,80 @@ const ona = @import("ona");
 
 const std = @import("std");
 
+const Spawned = struct {
+	visual: struct {
+		color: gfx.Color,
+		transform: gfx.Transform2D,
+	},
+
+	lifetime_seconds: f32,
+};
+
 const Visuals = struct {
-	spawned: SpawnMap = SpawnMap.init(ona.heap.allocator),
+	spawned: ona.stack.Parallel(Spawned) = .{},
 	random: std.Random.Xoroshiro128,
 	mouse_position: @Vector(2, f32) = @splat(0),
-
-	const SpawnMap = ona.SlotMap(struct {
-		color: gfx.Color,
-		position: gfx.Vector2,
-		rotation: f32,
-		lifetime_seconds: f32,
-	});
 };
 
 fn cleanup(visuals: ona.Write(Visuals)) !void {
 	visuals.state.spawned.deinit();
+	visuals.state.spawned.deinit();
 }
 
-pub const main = ona.App.game
+fn load(visuals: ona.Write(Visuals)) !void {
-	.with_module(gfx)
+	const initial_spawn_capacity = 1024;
-	.with_module(hid)
+
-	.with_state(Visuals{.random = std.Random.Xoroshiro128.init(47342563891212)})
+	try visuals.state.spawned.grow(initial_spawn_capacity);
-	.with_system(.update, ona.system_fn(update), .{.label = "spawn visuals"})
+}
-	.with_system(.render, ona.system_fn(render), .{.label = "render visuals"})
+
-	.with_system(.exit, ona.system_fn(cleanup), .{.label = "clean up visuals"}).build();
+pub const main = ona.App.setup.
+	with_module(gfx).
+	with_module(hid).
+	with_state(Visuals{.random = std.Random.Xoroshiro128.init(47342563891212)}).
+	with_system(.load, ona.system_fn(load), .{.label = "load visuals"}).
+	with_system(.update, ona.system_fn(update), .{.label = "spawn visuals"}).
+	with_system(.render, ona.system_fn(render), .{.label = "render visuals"}).
+	with_system(.exit, ona.system_fn(cleanup), .{.label = "clean up visuals"}).build();
 
 fn update(visuals: ona.Write(Visuals), events: ona.Receive(hid.Event), display: ona.Read(gfx.Display)) !void {
-	const float_speed = 6;
+	update_spawned(&visuals.state.spawned);
-
-	for (0 .. visuals.state.spawned.next) |i| {
-		const spawned = visuals.state.spawned.get(i) orelse {
-			continue;
-		};
-
-		spawned.lifetime_seconds -= 1.0 / 60.0;
-		spawned.position -= .{0, float_speed};
-
-		if (spawned.lifetime_seconds <= 0) {
-			std.debug.assert(visuals.state.spawned.remove(i) != null);
-		}
-	}
 
 	const random = visuals.state.random.random();
 	const width: f32 = @floatFromInt(display.state.width);
 	const height: f32 = @floatFromInt(display.state.height);
+	const icon_scale = .{8, 8};
 
 	for (events.messages()) |event| {
 		switch (event) {
 			.key_down => {
-				_ = try visuals.state.spawned.insert(.{
+				try visuals.state.spawned.push_grow(.{
 					.lifetime_seconds = 2.5 + (5 * random.float(f32)),
+
+					.visual = .{
 						.color = .{random.float(f32), random.float(f32), random.float(f32), random.float(f32)},
-					.position = .{width * random.float(f32), height},
+
+						.transform = gfx.transform_2d(.{
+							.translation = .{width * random.float(f32), height},
 							.rotation = std.math.pi * random.float(f32),
+							.scale = icon_scale,
+						}),
+					},
 				});
 			},
 
 			.mouse_down => {
-				_ = try visuals.state.spawned.insert(.{
+				try visuals.state.spawned.push_grow(.{
 					.lifetime_seconds = 2.5 + (5 * random.float(f32)),
+
+					.visual = .{
 						.color = .{random.float(f32), random.float(f32), random.float(f32), random.float(f32)},
-					.position = visuals.state.mouse_position,
+
+						.transform = gfx.transform_2d(.{
+							.translation = visuals.state.mouse_position,
 							.rotation = std.math.pi * random.float(f32),
+							.scale = icon_scale,
+						}),
+					},
 				});
 			},
 
@@ -80,13 +92,38 @@ fn update(visuals: ona.Write(Visuals), events: ona.Receive(hid.Event), display:
 	}
 }
 
+fn update_spawned(spawned: *ona.stack.Parallel(Spawned)) void {
+	const float_speed = 6;
+
+	for (spawned.values.slice(.visual)) |*visual| {
+		visual.transform = visual.transform.translated(.{0, -float_speed});
+	}
+
+	{
+		var range = spawned.len();
+		var index: usize = 0;
+
+		while (index < range) : (index += 1) {
+			const lifetime_seconds = spawned.values.get(.lifetime_seconds, index).?;
+
+			lifetime_seconds.* -= 1.0 / 60.0;
+
+			if (lifetime_seconds.* <= 0) {
+				range -= 1;
+
+				std.mem.swap(f32, lifetime_seconds, spawned.values.get(.lifetime_seconds, range).?);
+			}
+		}
+
+		std.debug.assert(spawned.pop_many(spawned.len() - range));
+	}
+}
+
 fn render(visuals: ona.Write(Visuals), commands: gfx.Commands) !void {
-	for (visuals.state.spawned.values()) |visual| {
+	for (visuals.state.spawned.values.slice(.visual)) |visual| {
-		try commands.draw_texture(.{
+		try commands.draw_rect(.{
-			.anchor = @splat(0.5),
+			.transform = visual.transform,
-			.position = visual.position,
+			.color = visual.color,
-			.tint = visual.color,
-			.size = @as(gfx.Vector2, @splat(64)),
 		});
 	}
 }

src/gfx/Resources.zig

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub const Effect = struct {
 			},
 
 			.vertex_source = .{
-				.ops = &spirv.to_ops(@embedFile("./shaders/draw_texture.vert.spv")),
+				.ops = &spirv.to_ops(@embedFile("./shaders/2d_default.vert.spv")),
 			},
 
 			.fragment_source = .{
@@ -197,12 +197,12 @@ pub const Effect = struct {
 			};
 
 			attrs[2] = .{
-				.format = .FLOAT,
+				.format = .FLOAT2,
 				.buffer_index = 1,
 			};
 
 			attrs[3] = .{
-				.format = .FLOAT,
+				.format = .FLOAT2,
 				.buffer_index = 1,
 			};
 
@@ -212,12 +212,12 @@ pub const Effect = struct {
 			};
 
 			attrs[5] = .{
-				.format = .FLOAT2,
+				.format = .UBYTE4N,
 				.buffer_index = 1,
 			};
 
 			attrs[6] = .{
-				.format = .FLOAT2,
+				.format = .FLOAT,
 				.buffer_index = 1,
 			};
 
@@ -226,11 +226,6 @@ pub const Effect = struct {
 				.buffer_index = 1,
 			};
 
-			attrs[8] = .{
-				.format = .FLOAT4,
-				.buffer_index = 1,
-			};
-
 			break: get attrs;
 		},
 
@@ -471,7 +466,7 @@ pub fn init() !Self {
 	}
 
 	assert.is_default_handle(try pools.create_effect(.{
-		.fragment_spirv_ops = &spirv.to_ops(@embedFile("./shaders/draw_texture.frag.spv")),
+		.fragment_spirv_ops = &spirv.to_ops(@embedFile("./shaders/2d_default.frag.spv")),
 	}));
 
 	assert.is_default_handle(try pools.create_texture(try descs.solid_texture(.{

src/gfx/gfx.zig

@@ -27,7 +27,40 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 		load_file: *const fn (*std.heap.ArenaAllocator, ona.files.Storage, []const u8) LoadFileError!Texture.Desc,
 	};
 
-	pub const WorkQueue = ona.asyncio.BlockingQueue(1024, Work);
+	pub const WorkQueue = ona.asyncio.BlockingQueue(1024, union (enum) {
+		load_effect: LoadEffectWork,
+		load_texture: LoadTextureWork,
+		render_frame: RenderFrameWork,
+		shutdown,
+		unload_effect: UnloadEffectWork,
+		unload_texture: UnloadTextureWork,
+
+		const LoadEffectWork = struct {
+			desc: Effect.Desc,
+			loaded: *ona.asyncio.Future(std.mem.Allocator.Error!Effect),
+		};
+
+		const LoadTextureWork = struct {
+			desc: Texture.Desc,
+			loaded: *ona.asyncio.Future(std.mem.Allocator.Error!Texture),
+		};
+
+		const RenderFrameWork = struct {
+			clear_color: Color,
+			width: u16,
+			height: u16,
+			finished: *std.Thread.ResetEvent,
+			has_command_params: ?*ona.Params(Commands).Node,
+		};
+
+		const UnloadEffectWork = struct {
+			handle: Effect,
+		};
+
+		const UnloadTextureWork = struct {
+			handle: Texture,
+		};
+	});
 
 	fn deinit(self: *Assets) void {
 		self.pending_work.enqueue(.shutdown);
@@ -39,10 +72,12 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 		self.* = undefined;
 	}
 
-	fn init(width: u16, height: u16) !Assets {
+	fn init() !Assets {
 		const window = create: {
 			const position = ext.SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED;
 			const flags = ext.SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL;
+			const width = 640;
+			const height = 480;
 
 			break: create ext.SDL_CreateWindow("Ona", position, position, width, height, flags) orelse {
 				return error.Unsupported;
@@ -103,60 +138,42 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 	}
 
 	pub const thread_restriction = .main;
-
-	pub fn unload_effect(self: *Assets, handle: Effect) void {
-		self.pending_work.enqueue(.{.unload_effect = handle});
-	}
-
-	pub fn unload_texture(self: *Assets, handle: Texture) void {
-		self.pending_work.enqueue(.{.unload_texture = handle});
-	}
 };
 
 pub const Color = @Vector(4, f32);
 
+pub const Commands = struct {
+	pending: *List,
+
 	pub const Command = union (enum) {
-	draw_font: DrawFont,
+		draw_rect: DrawRectCommand,
-	draw_texture: DrawTexture,
+		draw_texture: DrawTextureCommand,
-	set_effect: SetEffect,
+		set_effect: SetEffectCommand,
-	set_scissor_rect: ?Rect,
+		set_target: SetTargetCommand,
-	set_target: SetTarget,
-
-	pub const DrawFont = struct {
-		position: Vector2 = @splat(0),
-		size: Vector2,
-		text: []const u8,
-		font: Font,
-		tint: Color,
-		depth: f32,
 	};
 
-	pub const DrawTexture = struct {
+	pub const DrawRectCommand = struct {
-		anchor: Vector2 = @splat(0),
+		color: Color,
-		size: ?Vector2 = null,
+		transform: Transform2D,
-		source: Rect = .{.left = 0, .top = 0, .right = 1, .bottom = 1},
-		position: Vector2 = @splat(0),
-		tint: Color = colors.white,
-		texture: Texture = .default,
-		rotation: f32 = 0,
-		depth: f32 = 0,
 	};
 
-	pub const SetEffect = struct {
+	pub const DrawTextureCommand = struct {
+		texture: Texture,
+		transform: Transform2D,
+		resolution: ?@Vector(2, u16) = null,
+	};
+
+	pub const SetEffectCommand = struct {
 		effect: Effect,
 		properties: []const u8,
 	};
 
-	pub const SetTarget = struct {
+	pub const SetTargetCommand = struct {
 		texture: ?Texture = null,
 		clear_color: ?Color,
 		clear_depth: ?f32,
 		clear_stencil: ?u8,
 	};
-};
-
-pub const Commands = struct {
-	pending: *List,
 
 	pub const List = struct {
 		arena: std.heap.ArenaAllocator,
@@ -214,8 +231,6 @@ pub const Commands = struct {
 		}
 	};
 
-	const Self = @This();
-
 	pub fn bind(_: ona.World.BindContext) std.mem.Allocator.Error!Param {
 		return .{
 			.swap_lists = .{
@@ -225,30 +240,21 @@ pub const Commands = struct {
 		};
 	}
 
-	pub fn init(param: *Param) Self {
+	pub fn init(param: *Param) Commands {
 		return .{
 			.pending = param.pending_list(),
 		};
 	}
 
-	pub fn draw_font(self: Self, command: Command.DrawFont) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
+	pub fn draw_rect(self: Commands, command: DrawRectCommand) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{
+		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{.draw_rect = command});
-			.draw_font = .{
-				.text = try self.pending.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, command.text),
-				.position = command.position,
-				.size = command.size,
-				.font = command.font,
-				.tint = command.tint,
-				.depth = command.depth,
-			},
-		});
 	}
 
-	pub fn draw_texture(self: Self, command: Command.DrawTexture) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
+	pub fn draw_texture(self: Commands, command: DrawTextureCommand) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
 		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{.draw_texture = command});
 	}
 
-	pub fn set_effect(self: Self, command: Command.SetEffect) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
+	pub fn set_effect(self: Commands, command: SetEffectCommand) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
 		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{
 			.set_effect = .{
 				.properties = try self.pending.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, command.properties),
@@ -257,17 +263,13 @@ pub const Commands = struct {
 		});
 	}
 
-	pub fn set_scissor_rect(self: Self, has_rect: Rect) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{.set_scissor_rect = has_rect});
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_target(self: Self, command: Command.SetTarget) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{.set_target = command});
-	}
-
 	pub fn unbind(param: *Param, _: ona.World.UnbindContext) void {
 		param.deinit();
 	}
+
+	pub fn set_target(self: Commands, command: SetTargetCommand) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
+		try self.pending.stack.push_grow(.{.set_target = command});
+	}
 };
 
 pub const Descs = struct {
@@ -429,37 +431,11 @@ pub const Effect = enum (u32) {
 	};
 };
 
-pub const Font = enum (u32) {
+pub const Rect = struct {
-	default,
-	_,
-
-	pub const Desc = struct {
-
-	};
-};
-
-pub const Rect = extern struct {
 	left: f32,
 	top: f32,
 	right: f32,
 	bottom: f32,
-
-	pub fn area(self: Rect) f32 {
-		const width, const height = self.size();
-
-		return width * height;
-	}
-
-	pub fn size(self: Rect) Vector2 {
-		return .{self.right - self.left, self.bottom - self.top};
-	}
-
-	pub const zero = Rect{
-		.left = 0,
-		.top = 0,
-		.right = 0,
-		.bottom = 0,
-	};
 };
 
 pub const Texture = enum (u32) {
@@ -498,41 +474,58 @@ pub const Texture = enum (u32) {
 	};
 };
 
-pub const Vector2 = @Vector(2, f32);
+pub const Transform2D = extern struct {
+	xbasis: Vector = .{1, 0},
+	ybasis: Vector = .{0, 1},
+	origin: Vector = @splat(0),
 
-const Work = union (enum) {
+	pub const Simplified = struct {
-	load_effect: LoadEffect,
+		translation: Vector = @splat(0),
-	load_texture: LoadTexture,
+		rotation: f32 = 0,
-	render_frame: RenderFrame,
+		scale: Vector = @splat(1),
-	shutdown,
+		skew: f32 = 0,
-	unload_effect: UnloadEffect,
-	unload_texture: UnloadTexture,
-
-	const LoadEffect = struct {
-		desc: Effect.Desc,
-		loaded: *ona.asyncio.Future(std.mem.Allocator.Error!Effect),
 	};
 
-	const LoadTexture = struct {
+	pub const Vector = @Vector(2, f32);
-		desc: Texture.Desc,
-		loaded: *ona.asyncio.Future(std.mem.Allocator.Error!Texture),
-	};
 
-	const RenderFrame = struct {
+	pub fn scaled(self: Transform2D, scale: Vector) Transform2D {
-		clear_color: Color,
+		var transform = self;
-		width: u16,
+		const scale_x, const scale_y = scale;
-		height: u16,
-		finished: *std.Thread.ResetEvent,
-		has_commands: ?*ona.Params(Commands).Node,
-	};
 
-	const UnloadEffect = struct {
+		transform.xbasis *= @splat(scale_x);
-		handle: Effect,
+        transform.ybasis *= @splat(scale_y);
-	};
 
-	const UnloadTexture = struct {
+		return transform;
-		handle: Texture,
+	}
+
+	pub fn transformed(self: Transform2D, other: Transform2D) Transform2D {
+		const xbasis_x, const xbasis_y = other.xbasis;
+		const ybasis_x, const ybasis_y = other.ybasis;
+		const origin_x, const origin_y = other.origin;
+
+		return .{
+			.xbasis =
+				(self.xbasis * @as(Vector, @splat(xbasis_x))) +
+				(self.ybasis * @as(Vector, @splat(xbasis_y))),
+
+			.ybasis =
+				(self.xbasis * @as(Vector, @splat(ybasis_x))) +
+				(self.ybasis * @as(Vector, @splat(ybasis_y))),
+
+			.origin =
+				(self.xbasis * @as(Vector, @splat(origin_x))) +
+				(self.ybasis * @as(Vector, @splat(origin_y))) +
+				self.origin,
 		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn translated(self: Transform2D, translation: Vector) Transform2D {
+		var transform = self;
+
+		transform.origin += translation;
+
+		return transform;
+	}
 };
 
 pub const colors = struct {
@@ -553,8 +546,6 @@ pub const colors = struct {
 
 	pub const purple = rgb(0.5, 0, 0.5);
 
-	pub const red = rgb(1, 0, 0);
-
 	pub fn rgb(r: f32, g: f32, b: f32) Color {
 		return .{r, g, b, 1};
 	}
@@ -562,13 +553,13 @@ pub const colors = struct {
 	pub const white = greyscale(1);
 };
 
-pub fn poll(loop: ona.Write(ona.Loop), events: ona.Send(hid.Event)) !void {
+pub fn poll(app: ona.Write(ona.App), events: ona.Send(hid.Event)) !void {
 	var event = @as(ext.SDL_Event, undefined);
 
 	while (ext.SDL_PollEvent(&event) != 0) {
 		switch (event.type) {
 			ext.SDL_QUIT => {
-				loop.state.quit();
+				app.state.quit();
 			},
 
 			ext.SDL_KEYUP => {
@@ -615,15 +606,13 @@ pub fn poll(loop: ona.Write(ona.Loop), events: ona.Send(hid.Event)) !void {
 	}
 }
 
-pub fn setup(world: *ona.World) !void {
+pub fn setup(world: *ona.World, events: ona.App.Events) (error {Unsupported} || std.Thread.SpawnError || std.mem.Allocator.Error)!void {
 	if (ext.SDL_Init(ext.SDL_INIT_VIDEO | ext.SDL_INIT_EVENTS) != 0) {
 		return error.Unsupported;
 	}
 
-	const display = try world.set_get_state(Display{});
-
 	const assets = create: {
-		var assets = try Assets.init(display.width, display.height);
+		var assets = try Assets.init();
 
 		errdefer {
 			assets.deinit();
@@ -643,9 +632,10 @@ pub fn setup(world: *ona.World) !void {
 		assets.window,
 	});
 
-	try world.on_event(.pre_update, ona.system_fn(poll), .{.label = "poll gfx"});
+	try world.set_state(Display{});
-	try world.on_event(.exit, ona.system_fn(stop), .{.label = "stop gfx"});
+	try world.on_event(events.pre_update, ona.system_fn(poll), .{.label = "poll gfx"});
-	try world.on_event(.finish, ona.system_fn(synchronize), .{.label = "synchronize gfx"});
+	try world.on_event(events.exit, ona.system_fn(stop), .{.label = "stop gfx"});
+	try world.on_event(events.finish, ona.system_fn(synchronize), .{.label = "synchronize gfx"});
 }
 
 pub fn stop(assets: ona.Write(Assets)) void {
@@ -658,11 +648,13 @@ pub fn synchronize(exclusive: ona.Exclusive(&.{Assets, Display})) !void {
 	assets.frame_rendered.wait();
 	assets.frame_rendered.reset();
 
+	{
 		var has_command_param = exclusive.world.get_params(Commands).has_head;
 
 		while (has_command_param) |command_param| : (has_command_param = command_param.has_next) {
 			command_param.param.rotate();
 		}
+	}
 
 	var display_width, var display_height = [_]c_int{0, 0};
 
@@ -672,10 +664,10 @@ pub fn synchronize(exclusive: ona.Exclusive(&.{Assets, Display})) !void {
 		ext.SDL_SetWindowSize(assets.window, display.width, display.height);
 	}
 
-	if (exclusive.world.get_params(Commands).has_head) |has_commands| {
+	if (exclusive.world.get_params(Commands).has_head) |command_param| {
 		assets.pending_work.enqueue(.{
 			.render_frame = .{
-				.has_commands = has_commands,
+				.has_command_params = command_param,
 				.width = display.width,
 				.height = display.height,
 				.clear_color = display.clear_color,
@@ -686,3 +678,21 @@ pub fn synchronize(exclusive: ona.Exclusive(&.{Assets, Display})) !void {
 		assets.frame_rendered.set();
 	}
 }
+
+pub fn transform_2d(simplified: Transform2D.Simplified) Transform2D {
+	const rotation_skew = simplified.rotation + simplified.skew;
+
+	return .{
+		.xbasis = simplified.scale * Transform2D.Vector{
+			std.math.cos(simplified.rotation),
+			std.math.sin(simplified.rotation),
+		},
+
+		.ybasis = simplified.scale * Transform2D.Vector{
+			-std.math.sin(rotation_skew),
+			std.math.cos(rotation_skew),
+		},
+
+		.origin = simplified.translation,
+	};
+}

src/gfx/rendering.zig

@@ -23,23 +23,15 @@ const Frame = struct {
 	current_source_texture: gfx.Texture = .default,
 	current_target_texture: ?gfx.Texture = null,
 	current_effect: gfx.Effect = .default,
-	transform_matrix: Matrix = identity_matrix,
 	width: u16 = 0,
 	height: u16 = 0,
 
 	const DrawTexture = extern struct {
-		rotation: f32,
+		transform: gfx.Transform2D,
-		depth: f32,
+		tint: @Vector(4, u8) = @splat(std.math.maxInt(u8)),
-		position: gfx.Vector2,
+		depth: f32 = 0,
-		size: gfx.Vector2,
+		texture_offset: @Vector(2, f32) = @splat(0),
-		anchor: gfx.Vector2,
+		texture_size: @Vector(2, f32) = @splat(1),
-		source_clip: gfx.Rect,
-		tint: gfx.Color,
-	};
-
-	const View = extern struct {
-		projection_matrix: Matrix,
-		transform_matrix: Matrix,
 	};
 
 	const batches_per_buffer = 512;
@@ -83,13 +75,35 @@ const Frame = struct {
 		};
 	}
 
-	pub fn draw_font(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Command.DrawFont) !void {
+	pub fn draw_rect(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Commands.DrawRectCommand) !void {
-		_ = self;
+		if (self.current_source_texture != .default) {
-		_ = resources;
+			self.flush(resources);
-		_ = command;
 		}
 
-	pub fn draw_texture(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Command.DrawTexture) !void {
+		self.current_source_texture = .default;
+
+		const has_filled_current_buffer = (self.drawn_count % batches_per_buffer) == 0;
+		const buffer_count = self.drawn_count / batches_per_buffer;
+
+		if (has_filled_current_buffer and buffer_count == self.texture_batch_buffers.len()) {
+			const instance_buffer = sokol.gfx.makeBuffer(.{
+				.size = @sizeOf(DrawTexture) * batches_per_buffer,
+				.usage = .STREAM,
+			});
+
+			errdefer sokol.gfx.destroyBuffer(instance_buffer);
+
+			try self.texture_batch_buffers.push_grow(instance_buffer);
+		}
+
+		_ = sokol.gfx.appendBuffer(self.texture_batch_buffers.get().?.*, sokol.gfx.asRange(&DrawTexture{
+			.transform = command.transform,
+		}));
+
+		self.drawn_count += 1;
+	}
+
+	pub fn draw_texture(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Commands.DrawTextureCommand) !void {
 		if (self.current_source_texture != command.texture) {
 			self.flush(resources);
 		}
@@ -113,13 +127,10 @@ const Frame = struct {
 		const texture = resources.get_texture(command.texture).?;
 
 		_ = sokol.gfx.appendBuffer(self.texture_batch_buffers.get().?.*, sokol.gfx.asRange(&DrawTexture{
-			.size = command.size orelse .{@floatFromInt(texture.width), @floatFromInt(texture.height)},
+			.transform = command.transform.scaled(@floatFromInt(command.resolution orelse .{
-			.anchor = command.anchor,
+				texture.width,
-			.rotation = command.rotation,
+				texture.height,
-			.depth = command.depth,
+			})),
-			.source_clip = command.source,
-			.tint = command.tint,
-			.position = command.position,
 		}));
 
 		self.drawn_count += 1;
@@ -167,27 +178,19 @@ const Frame = struct {
 		if (self.current_target_texture) |target_texture| {
 			const texture = resources.get_texture(target_texture).?;
 
-			sokol.gfx.applyUniforms(.VS, 0, sokol.gfx.asRange(&View{
+			sokol.gfx.applyUniforms(.VS, 0, sokol.gfx.asRange(&orthographic_projection(-1.0, 1.0, .{
-				.projection_matrix = orthographic_projection(-1.0, 1.0, .{
 				.left = 0,
 				.top = 0,
 				.right = @floatFromInt(texture.width),
 				.bottom = @floatFromInt(texture.height),
-				}),
+			})));
-
-				.transform_matrix = self.transform_matrix,
-			}));
 		} else {
-			sokol.gfx.applyUniforms(.VS, 0, sokol.gfx.asRange(&View{
+			sokol.gfx.applyUniforms(.VS, 0, sokol.gfx.asRange(&orthographic_projection(-1.0, 1.0, .{
-				.projection_matrix = orthographic_projection(-1.0, 1.0, .{
 				.left = 0,
 				.top = 0,
 				.right = @floatFromInt(self.width),
 				.bottom = @floatFromInt(self.height),
-				}),
+			})));
-
-				.transform_matrix = self.transform_matrix,
-			}));
 		}
 
 		if (effect.properties.len != 0) {
@@ -212,7 +215,7 @@ const Frame = struct {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn set_effect(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Command.SetEffect) void {
+	pub fn set_effect(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Commands.SetEffectCommand) void {
 		if (command.effect != self.current_effect) {
 			self.flush(resources);
 		}
@@ -224,25 +227,7 @@ const Frame = struct {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn set_scissor_rect(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, has_rect: ?gfx.Rect) void {
+	pub fn set_target(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Commands.SetTargetCommand) void {
-		self.flush(resources);
-
-		if (has_rect) |rect| {
-			const width, const height = rect.size();
-
-			sokol.gfx.applyScissorRect(
-				@intFromFloat(rect.left),
-				@intFromFloat(rect.top),
-				@intFromFloat(width),
-				@intFromFloat(height),
-				true,
-			);
-		} else {
-			sokol.gfx.applyScissorRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, true);
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_target(self: *Frame, resources: *Resources, command: gfx.Command.SetTarget) void {
 		sokol.gfx.endPass();
 
 		var pass = sokol.gfx.Pass{
@@ -320,23 +305,18 @@ const Frame = struct {
 	}
 };
 
-const Matrix = [4]@Vector(4, f32);
+fn Matrix(comptime n: usize, comptime Element: type) type {
+	return [n]@Vector(n, Element);
+}
 
 var default_sampler: sokol.gfx.Sampler = undefined;
 
-const identity_matrix = Matrix{
-	.{1, 0, 0, 0},
-	.{0, 1, 0, 0},
-	.{0, 0, 1, 0},
-	.{0, 0, 0, 1},
-};
-
 const vertex_indices = .{
 	.mesh = 0,
 	.instance = 1,
 };
 
-fn orthographic_projection(near: f32, far: f32, viewport: gfx.Rect) Matrix {
+fn orthographic_projection(near: f32, far: f32, viewport: gfx.Rect) Matrix(4, f32) {
 	const width = viewport.right - viewport.left;
 	const height = viewport.bottom - viewport.top;
 
@@ -417,18 +397,17 @@ pub fn process_work(pending_work: *gfx.Assets.WorkQueue, window: *ext.SDL_Window
 				}
 			},
 
-			.render_frame => |*render_frame| {
+			.render_frame => |render_frame| {
 				frame.start(render_frame.width, render_frame.height);
 
-				var has_commands = render_frame.has_commands;
+				var has_command_params = render_frame.has_command_params;
 
-				while (has_commands) |commands| : (has_commands = commands.has_next) {
+				while (has_command_params) |command_params| : (has_command_params = command_params.has_next) {
-					for (commands.param.submitted_commands()) |command| {
+					for (command_params.param.submitted_commands()) |command| {
 						try switch (command) {
-							.draw_font => |draw_font| frame.draw_font(&resources, draw_font),
+							.draw_rect => |draw_rect| frame.draw_rect(&resources, draw_rect),
 							.draw_texture => |draw_texture| frame.draw_texture(&resources, draw_texture),
 							.set_effect => |set_effect| frame.set_effect(&resources, set_effect),
-							.set_scissor_rect => |has_rect| frame.set_scissor_rect(&resources, has_rect),
 							.set_target => |set_target| frame.set_target(&resources, set_target),
 						};
 					}

src/gfx/shaders/2d_default.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#version 430
+
+layout (location = 0) in vec2 mesh_xy;
+layout (location = 1) in vec2 mesh_uv;
+
+layout (location = 2) in vec2 instance_xbasis;
+layout (location = 3) in vec2 instance_ybasis;
+layout (location = 4) in vec2 instance_origin;
+layout (location = 5) in vec4 instance_tint;
+layout (location = 6) in float instance_depth;
+layout (location = 7) in vec4 instance_clip;
+
+layout (location = 0) out vec4 color;
+layout (location = 1) out vec2 uv;
+
+layout (binding = 0) uniform View {
+	mat4 projection_matrix;
+};
+
+void main() {
+	const vec2 world_position = instance_origin + mesh_xy.x * instance_xbasis + mesh_xy.y * instance_ybasis;
+	const vec2 projected_position = (projection_matrix * vec4(world_position, 0, 1)).xy;
+	const vec2 rect_size = instance_clip.zw - instance_clip.xy;
+	const vec4 screen_position = vec4(projected_position, instance_depth, 1.0);
+
+	gl_Position = screen_position;
+	color = instance_tint;
+	uv = instance_clip.xy + (mesh_uv * rect_size);
+}

src/gfx/shaders/draw_texture.vert

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-#version 430
-
-layout (location = 0) in vec2 batch_xy;
-layout (location = 1) in vec2 batch_uv;
-
-layout (location = 2) in float instance_rotation;
-layout (location = 3) in float instance_depth;
-layout (location = 4) in vec2 instance_position;
-layout (location = 5) in vec2 instance_scale;
-layout (location = 6) in vec2 instance_anchor;
-layout (location = 7) in vec4 instance_clip;
-layout (location = 8) in vec4 instance_tint;
-
-layout (location = 0) out vec4 color;
-layout (location = 1) out vec2 uv;
-
-layout (binding = 0) uniform View {
-	mat4 projection_matrix;
-	mat4 transform_matrix;
-};
-
-void main() {
-	const vec2 normalized_position = (batch_xy + 0.5) - instance_anchor;
-	const float cos_theta = cos(instance_rotation);
-	const float sin_theta = sin(instance_rotation);
-
-	const mat2 rotation_matrix = mat2(
-		cos_theta, -sin_theta,
-		sin_theta,  cos_theta
-	);
-
-	const vec2 rotated_position = rotation_matrix * (normalized_position * instance_scale);
-	const vec2 world_position = instance_position + rotated_position;
-	const vec4 clip_space_position = projection_matrix * transform_matrix * vec4(world_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-
-	gl_Position = vec4(clip_space_position.xy, instance_depth, 1.0);
-
-	const vec2 clip_size = instance_clip.zw - instance_clip.xy;
-
-	uv = instance_clip.xy + (batch_uv * clip_size);
-	color = instance_tint;
-}

src/gfx/spirv.zig

@@ -232,7 +232,9 @@ pub const Stage = struct {
 						else => error.UnsupportedSPIRV,
 					},
 
-					.len = std.math.cast(u16, ext.spvc_type_get_array_dimension(member_type_handle, 0)) orelse 0,
+					.len = std.math.cast(u16, ext.spvc_type_get_array_dimension(member_type_handle, 0)) orelse {
+						return error.UnsupportedSPIRV;
+					},
 				};
 			}
 

src/gui/gui.zig

@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-const gfx = @import("gfx");
-
-const ona = @import("ona");
-
-const std = @import("std");
-
-pub const Box = struct {
-	x: f32,
-	y: f32,
-	width: f32,
-	height: f32,
-
-	pub fn rect(self: Box) gfx.Rect {
-		return .{
-			.left = self.x,
-			.top = self.y,
-			.right = self.x + self.width,
-			.bottom = self.y + self.height,
-		};
-	}
-};
-
-pub const Canvas = struct {
-	nodes: NodeMap = NodeMap.init(ona.heap.allocator),
-	drawable_blocks: DrawableBlockMap = DrawableBlockMap.init(ona.heap.allocator),
-	drawable_labels: DrawableLabelMap = DrawableLabelMap.init(ona.heap.allocator),
-
-	fn Drawable(comptime State: type) type {
-		return struct {
-			clip: gfx.Rect,
-			box: Box,
-			depth: f32,
-			state: State,
-		};
-	}
-
-	const DrawableBlockMap = ona.SlotMap(Drawable(struct {
-		background: gfx.Texture = .default,
-		color: gfx.Color = gfx.colors.white,
-	}));
-
-	const DrawableLabelMap = ona.SlotMap(Drawable(struct {
-		text: ona.stack.Sequential(u8) = .{},
-		color: gfx.Color = gfx.colors.black,
-		font: gfx.Font = .default,
-	}));
-
-	const NodeMap = ona.SlotMap(struct {
-		name: []u8,
-		box: Box,
-		parent_index: u32 = unused_index,
-		block_index: u32 = unused_index,
-		label_index: u32 = unused_index,
-
-		const Self = @This();
-
-		fn clip(self: Self, nodes: NodeMap) gfx.Rect {
-			if (self.parent_index == unused_index) {
-				return self.box.rect();
-			}
-
-			return nodes.get(self.parent_index).?.box.rect();
-		}
-
-		fn depth(self: Self, nodes: NodeMap) f32 {
-			var parent_index = self.parent_index;
-			var value: f32 = 0;
-
-			while (parent_index != unused_index) : (parent_index = nodes.get(parent_index).?.parent_index) {
-				value += 1;
-			}
-
-			return value;
-		}
-	});
-
-	pub fn append(self: *Canvas, name: []const u8, box: Box) std.mem.Allocator.Error!Item {
-		const duped_name = try ona.heap.allocator.dupe(u8, name);
-
-		errdefer {
-			ona.heap.allocator.free(duped_name);
-		}
-
-		return @enumFromInt(try self.nodes.insert(.{
-			.name = duped_name,
-			.box = box,
-		}));
-	}
-
-	fn deinit(self: *Canvas) void {
-		self.nodes.deinit();
-		self.drawable_blocks.deinit();
-
-		for (self.drawable_labels.values()) |*drawable_label| {
-			drawable_label.state.text.deinit();
-		}
-
-		self.drawable_labels.deinit();
-
-		self.* = undefined;
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_block(self: *Canvas, item: Item, set: SetBlock) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-		const node = self.nodes.get(@intFromEnum(item)).?;
-
-		if (node.block_index == unused_index) {
-			node.block_index = @intCast(try self.drawable_blocks.insert(.{
-				.clip = node.clip(self.nodes),
-				.depth = node.depth(self.nodes),
-				.box = node.box,
-				.state = .{},
-			}));
-		}
-
-		const block = self.drawable_blocks.get(node.block_index).?;
-
-		if (set.has_background) |background| {
-			block.state.background = background;
-		}
-
-		if (set.has_color) |color| {
-			block.state.color = color;
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_label(self: *Canvas, item: Item, set: SetLabel) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-		const node = self.nodes.get(@intFromEnum(item)).?;
-
-		if (node.label_index == unused_index) {
-			node.label_index = @intCast(try self.drawable_labels.insert(.{
-				.clip = node.clip(self.nodes),
-				.depth = node.depth(self.nodes),
-				.box = node.box,
-				.state = .{},
-			}));
-		}
-
-		const label = self.drawable_labels.get(node.label_index).?;
-
-		if (set.has_text) |text| {
-			label.state.text.pop_all();
-
-			try label.state.text.grow(ona.scalars.sub(text.len, label.state.text.cap) orelse 0);
-
-			std.debug.assert(label.state.text.push_all(text));
-		}
-
-		if (set.has_font) |font| {
-			label.state.font = font;
-		}
-
-		if (set.has_color) |color| {
-			label.state.color = color;
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_parent(self: *Canvas, item: Item, has_parent: ?Item) void {
-		const node = self.nodes.get(@intFromEnum(item)).?;
-
-		node.parent_index = if (has_parent) |parent| @intFromEnum(parent) else unused_index;
-
-		const depth = node.depth(self.nodes);
-		const clip = node.clip(self.nodes);
-
-		if (node.block_index != unused_index) {
-			const block = self.drawable_blocks.get(node.block_index).?;
-
-			block.depth = depth;
-			block.clip = clip;
-		}
-
-		if (node.label_index != unused_index) {
-			const label = self.drawable_labels.get(node.label_index).?;
-
-			label.depth = depth;
-			label.clip = clip;
-		}
-	}
-
-	const unused_index = std.math.maxInt(u32);
-};
-
-pub const Item = enum (u32) {
-	_,
-};
-
-pub const SetBlock = struct {
-	has_background: ?gfx.Texture = null,
-	has_color: ?gfx.Color = null,
-};
-
-pub const SetLabel = struct {
-	has_text: ?[]const u8 = null,
-	has_color: ?gfx.Color = null,
-	has_font: ?gfx.Font = null,
-};
-
-pub fn exit(canvas: ona.Write(Canvas)) !void {
-	canvas.state.deinit();
-}
-
-pub fn render(commands: gfx.Commands, canvas: ona.Read(Canvas)) !void {
-	// TODO: Investigate if scissor rects are necessary for clipping content that overflows.
-	for (canvas.state.drawable_blocks.values()) |block| {
-		try commands.set_scissor_rect(block.clip);
-
-		try commands.draw_texture(.{
-			.size = .{block.box.width, block.box.height},
-			.position = .{block.box.x, block.box.y},
-			.depth = block.depth,
-			.texture = block.state.background,
-			.tint = block.state.color,
-		});
-	}
-
-	for (canvas.state.drawable_labels.values()) |label| {
-		try commands.set_scissor_rect(label.clip);
-
-		try commands.draw_font(.{
-			.size = .{label.box.width, label.box.height},
-			.depth = label.depth,
-			.text = label.state.text.values,
-			.position = .{label.box.x, label.box.y},
-			.tint = label.state.color,
-			.font = label.state.font,
-		});
-	}
-}
-
-pub fn setup(world: *ona.World) !void {
-	try world.set_state(Canvas{});
-	try world.on_event(.render, ona.system_fn(render), .{.label = "render gui"});
-	try world.on_event(.exit, ona.system_fn(exit), .{.label = "cleanup gui"});
-}

src/hid/hid.zig

@@ -293,10 +293,10 @@ test "mapping values" {
 	}
 }
 
-pub fn setup(world: *ona.World) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
+pub fn setup(world: *ona.World, events: ona.App.Events) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
 	try world.set_state(Mapping{});
 
-	try world.on_event(.pre_update, ona.system_fn(update), .{
+	try world.on_event(events.pre_update, ona.system_fn(update), .{
 		.label = "update actions",
 	});
 }

src/ona/World.zig

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 
 thread_pool: ?*std.Thread.Pool = null,
 thread_restricted_resources: [std.enums.values(ona.ThreadRestriction).len]StateTable,
-event_schedules: ona.map.Hashed([]const u8, *Schedule, ona.map.string_traits),
+event_systems: ona.stack.Sequential(Schedule),
 
 pub const BindContext = struct {
 	node: ona.dag.Node,
@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ const Graph = ona.dag.Graph(struct {
 	resource_accesses: ona.stack.Sequential(StateAccess),
 });
 
+pub const Event = enum (usize) { _ };
+
 const ParallelNodeBundles = ona.stack.Sequential(NodeBundle);
 
 const NodeBundle = ona.stack.Sequential(ona.dag.Node);
@@ -365,7 +367,7 @@ const Schedule = struct {
 
 						errdefer {
 							bundle.deinit();
-							std.debug.assert(schedule.parallel_work_bundles.pop() != null);
+							std.debug.assert(schedule.parallel_work_bundles.pop());
 						}
 
 						try populate_bundle(bundle, &schedule.graph, node);
@@ -440,16 +442,22 @@ const Schedule = struct {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn init(comptime label: [:0]const u8) std.mem.Allocator.Error!Schedule {
+	pub fn init(label: []const u8) std.mem.Allocator.Error!Schedule {
+		var arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(ona.heap.allocator);
+
+		errdefer arena.deinit();
+
+		const duped_label = try arena.allocator().dupeZ(u8, label);
+
 		return .{
 			.graph = Graph.init(ona.heap.allocator),
-			.arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(ona.heap.allocator),
+			.label = duped_label,
-			.label = label,
+			.arena = arena,
-			.system_id_nodes = .{},
+			.system_id_nodes = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
-			.read_write_resource_id_nodes = .{},
+			.read_write_resource_id_nodes = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
-			.read_only_resource_id_nodes = .{},
+			.read_only_resource_id_nodes = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
-			.parallel_work_bundles = .{},
+			.parallel_work_bundles = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
-			.blocking_work = .{},
+			.blocking_work = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
 		};
 	}
 
@@ -536,12 +544,21 @@ pub const UnbindContext = struct {
 	world: *Self,
 };
 
-pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+pub fn create_event(self: *Self, label: []const u8) std.mem.Allocator.Error!Event {
-	var event_schedules = self.event_schedules.entries();
+	var systems = try Schedule.init(label);
 
-	while (event_schedules.next()) |schedule| {
+	errdefer systems.deinit(self);
-		schedule.value.deinit(self);
+
-		ona.heap.allocator.destroy(schedule.value);
+	const index = self.event_systems.len();
+
+	try self.event_systems.push_grow(systems);
+
+	return @enumFromInt(index);
+}
+
+pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+	for (self.event_systems.values) |*schedule| {
+		schedule.deinit(self);
 	}
 
 	for (&self.thread_restricted_resources) |*resources| {
@@ -553,7 +570,7 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
 		ona.heap.allocator.destroy(thread_pool);
 	}
 
-	self.event_schedules.deinit();
+	self.event_systems.deinit();
 
 	self.* = undefined;
 }
@@ -577,7 +594,7 @@ pub fn set_get_state(self: *Self, value: anytype) std.mem.Allocator.Error!*@Type
 pub fn init(thread_count: u32) std.Thread.SpawnError!Self {
 	var world = Self{
 		.thread_restricted_resources = .{StateTable.init(), StateTable.init()},
-		.event_schedules = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
+		.event_systems = .{.allocator = ona.heap.allocator},
 	};
 
 	if (thread_count != 0 and !builtin.single_threaded) {
@@ -594,34 +611,12 @@ pub fn init(thread_count: u32) std.Thread.SpawnError!Self {
 	return world;
 }
 
-pub fn on_event(self: *Self, comptime event: anytype, info: *const ona.SystemInfo, order: ona.SystemOrder) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
+pub fn on_event(self: *Self, event: Event, action: *const ona.SystemInfo, order: ona.SystemOrder) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-	const event_name = @tagName(event);
+	try self.event_systems.values[@intFromEnum(event)].insert(action, order);
-
-	if (self.event_schedules.get(event_name)) |schedule| {
-		try schedule.*.insert(info, order);
-	} else {
-		const schedule = try ona.heap.allocator.create(Schedule);
-
-		errdefer {
-			ona.heap.allocator.destroy(schedule);
 }
 
-		schedule.* = try Schedule.init(event_name);
+pub fn run_event(self: *Self, event: Event) anyerror!void {
-
+	try self.event_systems.values[@intFromEnum(event)].run(self);
-		errdefer {
-			schedule.deinit(self);
-		}
-
-		try schedule.insert(info, order);
-
-		std.debug.assert(try self.event_schedules.emplace(event_name, schedule));
-	}
-}
-
-pub fn run_event(self: *Self, comptime event: anytype) anyerror!void {
-	if (self.event_schedules.get(@tagName(event))) |schedule| {
-		try schedule.*.run(self);
-	}
 }
 
 pub fn set_state(self: *Self, value: anytype) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {

src/ona/dag.zig

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 		}
 
 		pub fn clear_edges(self: *Self) void {
-			for (self.table.values.get(.edges)) |*edges| {
+			for (self.table.values.slice(.edges)) |*edges| {
 				edges.clear();
 			}
 		}
 
 		pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
-			for (self.table.values.get(.edges)) |*edges| {
+			for (self.table.values.slice(.edges)) |*edges| {
 				edges.deinit();
 			}
 
@@ -50,17 +50,15 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 				return null;
 			}
 
-			return self.table.values.get(.edges)[@intFromEnum(node)].values;
+			return self.table.values.get(.edges, @intFromEnum(node)).?.values;
 		}
 
 		pub fn exists(self: Self, node: Node) bool {
-			const node_index = @intFromEnum(node);
+			if (self.table.values.get(.is_occupied, @intFromEnum(node))) |is_occupied| {
-
+				return is_occupied.*;
-			if (node_index >= self.table.values.len) {
-				return false;
 			}
 
-			return self.table.values.get(.is_occupied)[node_index];
+			return false;
 		}
 
 		pub fn get(self: Self, node: Node) ?*Payload {
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 				return null;
 			}
 
-			return &self.table.values.get(.payload)[@intFromEnum(node)];
+			return self.table.values.get(.payload, @intFromEnum(node)).?;
 		}
 
 		pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) Self {
@@ -78,11 +76,13 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 		}
 
 		pub fn insert_edge(self: *Self, dependant_node: Node, edge_node: Node) std.mem.Allocator.Error!bool {
-			if (!self.exists(edge_node) or !self.exists(dependant_node)) {
+			if (!self.exists(edge_node)) {
 				return false;
 			}
 
-			const edges = &self.table.values.get(.edges)[@intFromEnum(dependant_node)];
+			const edges = self.table.values.get(.edges, @intFromEnum(dependant_node)) orelse {
+				return false;
+			};
 
 			if (std.mem.indexOfScalar(Node, edges.values, edge_node) == null) {
 				try edges.push_grow(edge_node);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 
 		pub fn nodes(self: *const Self) Nodes {
 			return .{
-				.occupied_table = self.table.values.get(.is_occupied),
+				.occupied_table = self.table.values.slice(.is_occupied),
 			};
 		}
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 				return false;
 			}
 
-			self.table.values.get(.is_visited)[@intFromEnum(node)] = true;
+			std.debug.assert(self.table.values.set(.is_visited, @intFromEnum(node), true));
 
 			return true;
 		}
@@ -118,14 +118,14 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 
 			const node_index = @intFromEnum(node);
 
-			self.table.values.get(.is_occupied)[node_index] = false;
+			self.table.values.get(.is_occupied, node_index).?.* = false;
 			self.node_count -= 1;
 
-			return self.table.values.get(.payload)[node_index];
+			return self.table.values.get(.payload, node_index).?.*;
 		}
 
 		pub fn reset_visited(self: *Self) void {
-			@memset(self.table.values.get(.is_visited), false);
+			@memset(self.table.values.slice(.is_visited), false);
 		}
 
 		pub fn visited(self: Self, node: Node) ?bool {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub fn Graph(comptime Payload: type) type {
 				return null;
 			}
 
-			return self.table.values.get(.is_visited)[@intFromEnum(node)];
+			return self.table.values.get(.is_visited, @intFromEnum(node)).?.*;
 		}
 	};
 }

src/ona/map.zig

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub fn Hashed(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime traits: Traits(
 	const max_int = std.math.maxInt(usize);
 
 	return struct {
-		allocator: std.mem.Allocator = ona.heap.allocator,
+		allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
 		entry_map: []?Entry = &.{},
 		len: usize = 0,
 

src/ona/ona.zig

@@ -29,11 +29,37 @@ pub const World = @import("./World.zig");
 pub const lina = @import("./lina.zig");
 
 pub const App = struct {
-	step: fn (*World) anyerror!void = noop,
+	events: *const Events,
+	target_frame_time: f64,
+	elapsed_time: f64,
+	is_running: bool,
 
-	fn noop(_: *World) !void {}
+	pub const Events = struct {
+		load: World.Event,
+		pre_update: World.Event,
+		update: World.Event,
+		post_update: World.Event,
+		render: World.Event,
+		finish: World.Event,
+		exit: World.Event,
+	};
 
-	pub fn build(self: App) fn () anyerror!void {
+	pub const Setup = struct {
+		pub const Event = enum {
+			load,
+			pre_update,
+			update,
+			post_update,
+			render,
+			finish,
+			exit,
+		};
+
+		step: fn (*World, Events) anyerror!void = noop,
+
+		fn noop(_: *World, _: Events) !void {}
+
+		pub fn build(self: Setup) fn () anyerror!void {
 			const Start = struct {
 				fn main() anyerror!void {
 					defer {
@@ -74,60 +100,66 @@ pub const App = struct {
 
 					defer world.deinit();
 
-				try self.step(&world);
+					const events = App.Events{
+						.load = try world.create_event("load"),
+						.pre_update = try world.create_event("pre-update"),
+						.update = try world.create_event("update"),
+						.post_update = try world.create_event("post-update"),
+						.render = try world.create_event("render"),
+						.finish = try world.create_event("finish"),
+						.exit = try world.create_event("exit"),
+					};
+
+					const app = try world.set_get_state(App{
+						.events = &events,
+						.target_frame_time = 1.0 / 60.0,
+						.elapsed_time = 0,
+						.is_running = true,
+					});
+
+					try self.step(&world, events);
+					try world.run_event(events.load);
+
+					const ticks_initial = std.time.milliTimestamp();
+					var ticks_previous = ticks_initial;
+					var accumulated_time = @as(f64, 0);
+
+					while (app.is_running) {
+						const ticks_current = std.time.milliTimestamp();
+						const milliseconds_per_second = 1000.0;
+						const delta_time = @as(f64, @floatFromInt(ticks_current - ticks_previous)) / milliseconds_per_second;
+
+						app.elapsed_time = @as(f64, @floatFromInt(ticks_current - ticks_initial)) / milliseconds_per_second;
+						ticks_previous = ticks_current;
+						accumulated_time += delta_time;
+
+						try world.run_event(events.pre_update);
+
+						while (accumulated_time >= app.target_frame_time) : (accumulated_time -= app.target_frame_time) {
+							try world.run_event(events.update);
+						}
+
+						try world.run_event(events.post_update);
+						try world.run_event(events.render);
+						try world.run_event(events.finish);
+					}
+
+					try world.run_event(events.exit);
 				}
 			};
 
 			return Start.main;
 		}
 
-	pub const game = App{.step = run_game};
+		pub fn with_module(self: Setup, comptime Module: type) Setup {
-
-	fn run_game(world: *World) !void {
-		const loop = try world.set_get_state(Loop{
-			.target_frame_time = 1.0 / 60.0,
-			.elapsed_time = 0,
-			.is_running = true,
-		});
-
-		try world.run_event(.load);
-
-		const ticks_initial = std.time.milliTimestamp();
-		var ticks_previous = ticks_initial;
-		var accumulated_time = @as(f64, 0);
-
-		while (loop.is_running) {
-			const ticks_current = std.time.milliTimestamp();
-			const milliseconds_per_second = 1000.0;
-			const delta_time = @as(f64, @floatFromInt(ticks_current - ticks_previous)) / milliseconds_per_second;
-
-			loop.elapsed_time = @as(f64, @floatFromInt(ticks_current - ticks_initial)) / milliseconds_per_second;
-			ticks_previous = ticks_current;
-			accumulated_time += delta_time;
-
-			try world.run_event(.pre_update);
-
-			while (accumulated_time >= loop.target_frame_time) : (accumulated_time -= loop.target_frame_time) {
-				try world.run_event(.update);
-			}
-
-			try world.run_event(.post_update);
-			try world.run_event(.render);
-			try world.run_event(.finish);
-		}
-
-		try world.run_event(.exit);
-	}
-
-	pub fn with_module(self: App, comptime Module: type) App {
 			if (!@hasDecl(Module, "setup")) {
 				@compileError("`Module` argument must have a setup fn declaration");
 			}
 
 			const WithState = struct {
-			fn step(world: *World) !void {
+				fn step(world: *World, events: App.Events) !void {
-				try Module.setup(world);
+					try Module.setup(world, events);
-				try self.step(world);
+					try self.step(world, events);
 				}
 			};
 
@@ -136,11 +168,11 @@ pub const App = struct {
 			};
 		}
 
-	pub fn with_state(self: App, comptime state: anytype) App {
+		pub fn with_state(self: Setup, comptime state: anytype) Setup {
 			const WithState = struct {
-			fn step(world: *World) !void {
+				fn step(world: *World, events: App.Events) !void {
 					try world.set_state(state);
-				try self.step(world);
+					try self.step(world, events);
 				}
 			};
 
@@ -149,11 +181,21 @@ pub const App = struct {
 			};
 		}
 
-	pub fn with_system(self: App, comptime event: anytype, comptime info: *const SystemInfo, comptime order: SystemOrder) App {
+		pub fn with_system(self: Setup, comptime event: Event, comptime info: *const SystemInfo, comptime order: SystemOrder) Setup {
 			const WithState = struct {
-			fn step(world: *World) !void {
+				fn step(world: *World, events: App.Events) !void {
-				try world.on_event(event, info, order);
+					const app_event = switch (event) {
-				try self.step(world);
+						.load => events.load,
+						.pre_update => events.pre_update,
+						.update => events.update,
+						.post_update => events.post_update,
+						.render => events.render,
+						.finish => events.finish,
+						.exit => events.exit,
+					};
+
+					try world.on_event(app_event, info, order);
+					try self.step(world, events);
 				}
 			};
 
@@ -163,12 +205,9 @@ pub const App = struct {
 		}
 	};
 
-pub const Loop = struct {
+	pub const setup = Setup{};
-	target_frame_time: f64,
-	elapsed_time: f64,
-	is_running: bool,
 
-	pub fn quit(self: *Loop) void {
+	pub fn quit(self: *App) void {
 		self.is_running = false;
 	}
 };
@@ -316,10 +355,7 @@ pub const LaunchFlag = enum {
 
 pub fn Params(comptime Value: type) type {
 	if (!@hasDecl(Value, "Param")) {
-		@compileError(@typeName(Value) ++
+		@compileError("System parameters must have a Params type declaration");
-			\\ is missing a public `Params` type declaration.
-			\\This is required for a type to be used as a system parameter
-			);
 	}
 
 	return struct {
@@ -483,11 +519,15 @@ pub fn Receive(comptime Message: type) type {
 				.channel = (try context.register_readable_state_access(TypedChannel)) orelse set: {
 					try context.world.set_state(TypedChannel.init(heap.allocator));
 
-					try context.world.on_event(.post_update, system_fn(TypedChannel.swap), .{
+					const app = context.world.get_state(App) orelse {
+						@panic("Send system parameters depend on a " ++ @typeName(App) ++ " state to work");
+					};
+
+					try context.world.on_event(app.events.post_update, system_fn(TypedChannel.swap), .{
 						.label = "swap channel of " ++ @typeName(Message),
 					});
 
-					try context.world.on_event(.exit, system_fn(TypedChannel.cleanup), .{
+					try context.world.on_event(app.events.exit, system_fn(TypedChannel.cleanup), .{
 						.label = "clean up channel of " ++ @typeName(Message),
 					});
 
@@ -525,11 +565,15 @@ pub fn Send(comptime Message: type) type {
 				.channel = (try context.register_writable_state_access(TypedChannel)) orelse set: {
 					try context.world.set_state(TypedChannel.init(heap.allocator));
 
-					try context.world.on_event(.post_update, system_fn(TypedChannel.swap), .{
+					const app = context.world.get_state(App) orelse {
+						@panic("Send system parameters depend on a " ++ @typeName(App) ++ " state to work");
+					};
+
+					try context.world.on_event(app.events.post_update, system_fn(TypedChannel.swap), .{
 						.label = "swap channel of " ++ @typeName(Message),
 					});
 
-					try context.world.on_event(.exit, system_fn(TypedChannel.cleanup), .{
+					try context.world.on_event(app.events.exit, system_fn(TypedChannel.cleanup), .{
 						.label = "clean up channel of " ++ @typeName(Message),
 					});
 
@@ -635,127 +679,6 @@ pub fn Shared(comptime Value: type, comptime info: ShareInfo) type {
 	};
 }
 
-pub fn SlotMap(comptime Value: type) type {
-	const Index = @Type(.{.Int = .{
-		.bits = @bitSizeOf(usize) - 1,
-		.signedness = .unsigned,
-	}});
-
-	const Slot = packed struct {
-		index: Index,
-		is_occupied: bool,
-	};
-
-	comptime std.debug.assert(@sizeOf(Slot) == @sizeOf(usize));
-
-	return struct {
-		slots: stack.Sequential(Slot),
-		entries: stack.Parallel(Entry),
-		next: Index = 0,
-
-		const Entry = struct {
-			value: Value,
-			erased: usize,
-		};
-
-		const Self = @This();
-
-		pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
-			self.slots.deinit();
-			self.entries.deinit();
-		}
-
-		pub fn get(self: Self, index: usize) ?*Value {
-			if (index >= self.slots.len()) {
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			const slot = self.slots.values[index];
-
-			if (!slot.is_occupied) {
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			return &self.entries.values.get(.value)[slot.index];
-		}
-
-		pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) Self {
-			return .{
-				.slots = .{.allocator = allocator},
-				.entries = .{.allocator = allocator},
-			};
-		}
-
-		pub fn insert(self: *Self, value: Value) std.mem.Allocator.Error!usize {
-			const index = self.next;
-			const slots_len: Index = @intCast(self.slots.len());
-
-			if (self.next == slots_len) {
-				try self.slots.push_grow(.{
-					.index = slots_len + 1,
-					.is_occupied = false,
-				});
-			}
-
-			const slot = &self.slots.values[index];
-
-			std.debug.assert(!slot.is_occupied);
-
-			self.next = slot.index;
-
-			slot.* = .{
-				.index = index,
-				.is_occupied = true,
-			};
-
-			try self.entries.push_grow(.{
-				.value = value,
-				.erased = index,
-			});
-
-			return index;
-		}
-
-		pub fn remove(self: *Self, index: usize) ?Value {
-			if (index >= self.slots.len()) {
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			const slot = self.slots.values[index];
-
-			if (!slot.is_occupied) {
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			const value = self.entries.values.get(.value)[slot.index];
-
-			std.debug.assert(self.entries.values.write(slot.index, .{
-				.value = self.entries.get(.value).?.*,
-				.erased = self.entries.get(.erased).?.*,
-			}));
-
-			std.debug.assert(self.entries.pop());
-
-			if (!self.entries.is_empty()) {
-				self.slots.values[self.entries.values.get(.erased)[slot.index]] = slot;
-			}
-
-			self.slots.values[index] = .{
-				.index = self.next,
-				.is_occupied = false,
-			};
-
-			self.next = @intCast(index);
-
-			return value;
-		}
-
-		pub fn values(self: Self) []Value {
-			return self.entries.values.get(.value);
-		}
-	};
-}
-
 pub const SystemInfo = struct {
 	execute: *const fn ([]const *const Parameter, *const [max_parameters]*anyopaque) anyerror!void,
 	parameters: [max_parameters]*const Parameter = undefined,

src/ona/slices.zig

@@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ pub fn Parallel(comptime Type: type) type {
 
 		const all_fields = std.enums.values(Field);
 
-		pub fn get(self: Self, comptime field: Field) []align (alignment) Element(field) {
-			return self.ptr(field)[0 .. self.len];
-		}
-
 		pub fn ptr(self: Self, comptime field: Field) [*]align (alignment) Element(field) {
 			return @as([*]align (alignment) Element(field), @ptrCast(self.ptrs[@intFromEnum(field)]));
 		}
 
-		pub fn slice(self: Self, off: usize, len: usize) ?Self {
+		pub fn slice(self: Self, comptime field: Field) []align (alignment) Element(field) {
+			return self.ptr(field)[0 .. self.len];
+		}
+
+		pub fn slice_all(self: Self, off: usize, len: usize) ?Self {
 			if (len > self.len or off > len) {
 				return null;
 			}
@@ -57,13 +57,31 @@ pub fn Parallel(comptime Type: type) type {
 			return sliced;
 		}
 
-		pub fn write(self: Self, index: usize, value: Type) bool {
+		pub fn get(self: Self, comptime field: Field, index: usize) ?*Element(field) {
+			if (index >= self.len) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			return &self.ptr(field)[index];
+		}
+
+		pub fn set(self: Self, comptime field: Field, index: usize, value: Element(field)) bool {
+			if (index >= self.len) {
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			self.slice(field)[index] = value;
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		pub fn set_all(self: Self, index: usize, value: Type) bool {
 			if (index >= self.len) {
 				return false;
 			}
 
 			inline for (0 .. fields.len) |i| {
-				self.get(all_fields[i])[index] = @field(value, fields[i].name);
+				self.slice(all_fields[i])[index] = @field(value, fields[i].name);
 			}
 
 			return true;
@@ -105,12 +123,12 @@ pub fn parallel_alloc(comptime Element: type, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, n: u
 
 pub fn parallel_copy(comptime Element: type, target: Parallel(Element), origin: Parallel(Element)) void {
 	inline for (comptime std.enums.values(Parallel(Element).Field)) |field| {
-		@memcpy(target.get(field), origin.get(field));
+		@memcpy(target.slice(field), origin.slice(field));
 	}
 }
 
 pub fn parallel_free(comptime Element: type, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, buffers: Parallel(Element)) void {
 	inline for (comptime std.enums.values(Parallel(Element).Field)) |field| {
-		allocator.free(buffers.get(field));
+		allocator.free(buffers.slice(field));
 	}
 }

src/ona/stack.zig

@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@ pub fn Sequential(comptime Value: type) type {
 		}
 
 		pub fn grow(self: *Self, additional: usize) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-			const grown_capacity = self.values.len + additional;
+			if (additional == 0) {
-
-			if (grown_capacity <= self.cap) {
 				return;
 			}
 
+			const grown_capacity = self.cap + additional;
 			const buffer = try self.allocator.alloc(Value, grown_capacity);
 
 			errdefer self.allocator.deallocate(buffer);
@@ -60,20 +59,14 @@ pub fn Sequential(comptime Value: type) type {
 			return self.values.len;
 		}
 
-		pub fn pop(self: *Self) ?Value {
+		pub fn pop(self: *Self) bool {
 			if (self.values.len == 0) {
-				return null;
+				return false;
 			}
 
-			const tail_index = self.values.len - 1;
+			self.values = self.values[0 .. self.values.len - 1];
 
-			defer self.values = self.values[0 .. tail_index];
+			return true;
-
-			return self.values[tail_index];
-		}
-
-		pub fn pop_all(self: *Self) void {
-			self.values = self.values[0 .. 0];
 		}
 
 		pub fn pop_many(self: *Self, n: usize) bool {
@@ -119,7 +112,9 @@ pub fn Sequential(comptime Value: type) type {
 		}
 
 		pub fn push_grow(self: *Self, value: Value) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-			try self.grow(@max(1, self.values.len));
+			if (self.values.len == self.cap) {
+				try self.grow(@max(1, self.cap));
+			}
 
 			const offset_index = self.values.len;
 
@@ -232,63 +227,46 @@ pub fn Parallel(comptime Value: type) type {
 				return null;
 			}
 
-			return @alignCast(&self.values.get(field)[self.len() - 1]);
+			return &self.slices.field_slice(field)[self.len() - 1];
 		}
 
 		pub fn grow(self: *Self, additional: usize) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-			const grown_capacity = self.values.len + additional;
+			const grown_capacity = self.cap + additional;
-
-			if (grown_capacity <= self.cap) {
-				return;
-			}
-
 			const buffer = try ona.slices.parallel_alloc(Value, self.allocator, grown_capacity);
 
 			if (self.cap != 0) {
-				ona.slices.parallel_copy(Value, buffer.slice(0, self.values.len).?, self.values);
+				ona.slices.parallel_copy(Value, buffer.slice_all(0, self.values.len).?, self.values);
-				ona.slices.parallel_free(Value, self.allocator, self.values.slice(0, self.cap).?);
+				ona.slices.parallel_free(Value, self.allocator, self.values.slice_all(0, self.cap).?);
 			}
 
 			self.cap = grown_capacity;
-			self.values = buffer.slice(0, self.values.len).?;
+			self.values = buffer.slice_all(0, self.values.len).?;
-		}
-
-		pub fn is_empty(self: Self) bool {
-			return self.values.len == 0;
 		}
 
 		pub fn len(self: Self) usize {
 			return self.values.len;
 		}
 
-		pub fn pop(self: *Self) bool {
-			if (self.values.len == 0) {
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			self.values = self.values.slice(0, self.values.len - 1).?;
-
-			return true;
-		}
-
 		pub fn pop_many(self: *Self, n: usize) bool {
 			const new_length = ona.scalars.sub(self.values.len, n) orelse {
 				return false;
 			};
 
-			self.values = self.values.slice(0, new_length).?;
+			self.values = self.values.slice_all(0, new_length).?;
 
 			return true;
 		}
 
 		pub fn push_grow(self: *Self, value: Value) std.mem.Allocator.Error!void {
-			try self.grow(@max(1, self.values.len));
+			if (self.len() == self.cap) {
+				try self.grow(@max(1, self.cap));
+			}
 
 			const tail_index = self.values.len;
 
 			self.values.len += 1;
 
-			std.debug.assert(self.values.write(tail_index, value));
+			std.debug.assert(self.values.set_all(tail_index, value));
 		}
 	};
 }