.vscode/settings.json

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 	"files.insertFinalNewline": true,
 	"files.trimTrailingWhitespace": true,
 	"zig.initialSetupDone": true,
-	"debug.console.collapseIdenticalLines": false,
 
 	"[zig]": {
 		"editor.formatOnSave": false,

build.zig

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
 			.optimize = optimize,
 		});
 
-		compile_step.addModule("coral", coral_module);
 		compile_step.addModule("ona", ona_module);
 		compile_step.linkLibC();
 		compile_step.linkSystemLibrary("SDL2");

debug/app.ona

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
-let events = @import("events")
 
-var timer = 0
+let tool = "wrench"
+var test_param = `monkey {tool} {2 + 1 - 1}`
 
-events.on_update(lambda (dt):
+let printer = lambda (pfx):
-	timer = timer + dt
+	@print(test_param)
 
-	if (timer > 1):
+	return lambda (msg):
-		@print("test")
+		@print(pfx)
-
+		@print(msg)
-		timer = 0
 	end
-end)
+end
+
+let pr = printer("this is a final closure")
+
+pr("goodbye")
 
 return {
 	.title = "Game",
-	.res_width = 1280,
+	.width = 1280,
-	.res_height = 800,
+	.height = 800,
 	.tick_rate = 60,
 }

source/coral/io.zig

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ pub fn Generator(comptime Output: type, comptime Input: type) type {
 			};
 		}
 
-		pub fn from_fn(comptime invoker: fn (input: Input) Output) Self {
+		pub fn from(comptime invoker: fn (input: Input) Output) Self {
 			const Invoker = struct {
 				fn invoke(_: *const anyopaque, input: Input) Output {
 					return invoker(input);
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ pub fn jenkins_hash(comptime int: std.builtin.Type.Int, bytes: []const Byte) mat
     return hash;
 }
 
-pub const null_writer = Writer.from_fn(write_null);
+pub const null_writer = Writer.from(write_null);
 
 pub fn slice_sentineled(comptime sen: anytype, ptr: [*:sen]const @TypeOf(sen)) [:sen]const @TypeOf(sen) {
     var len = @as(usize, 0);

source/coral/map.zig

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ pub fn StringTable(comptime Value: type) type {
 pub fn Table(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime Traits: type) type {
 	const load_max = 0.75;
 	const max_int = math.max_int(@typeInfo(usize).Int);
-	const has_traits = @sizeOf(Traits) != 0;
 
 	return struct {
 		allocator: io.Allocator,
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn Table(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime Traits: type) ty
 		}
 
 		fn hash_key(self: Self, key: Key) usize {
-			return if (has_traits) self.traits.hash(key) else Traits.hash(key);
+			return if (@sizeOf(Traits) == 0) Traits.hash(key) else self.traits.hash(key);
 		}
 
 		pub fn remove(self: *Self, key: Key) ?Entry {
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ pub fn Table(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime Traits: type) ty
 			{
 				const hash_max = @min(max_int, self.entries.len);
 				const has_context = @sizeOf(Traits) != 0;
-				var hashed_key = self.hash_key(key) % hash_max;
+				var hashed_key = (if (has_context) self.traits.hash(key) else Traits.hash(key)) % hash_max;
 
 				while (true) {
 					const entry = &(self.entries[hashed_key] orelse {
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ pub fn Table(comptime Key: type, comptime Value: type, comptime Traits: type) ty
 
 			const hash_max = @min(max_int, self.entries.len);
 			const has_context = @sizeOf(Traits) != 0;
-			var hashed_key = self.hash_key(key) % hash_max;
+			var hashed_key = (if (has_context) self.traits.hash(key) else Traits.hash(key)) % hash_max;
 			var iterations = @as(usize, 0);
 
 			while (iterations < self.count) : (iterations += 1) {

source/coral/math.zig

@@ -14,17 +14,6 @@ pub fn checked_add(a: anytype, b: anytype) ?@TypeOf(a + b) {
 	return if (result.@"1" == 0) result.@"0" else null;
 }
 
-pub fn checked_cast(comptime dest_int: std.builtin.Type.Int, value: anytype) ?@Type(.{.Int = dest_int}) {
-	const dest_min = min_int(dest_int);
-	const dest_max = max_int(dest_int);
-
-	if (value < dest_min or value > dest_max) {
-		return null;
-	}
-
-	return @intCast(value);
-}
-
 pub fn checked_mul(a: anytype, b: anytype) ?@TypeOf(a * b) {
 	const result = @mulWithOverflow(a, b);
 

source/coral/utf8.zig

@@ -201,36 +201,6 @@ pub const HexadecimalFormat = struct {
 	}
 };
 
-pub const SmallString = extern struct {
-	data: [256]u8 = [_]u8{0} ** 256,
-
-	pub const FromError = error {
-		InvalidUtf8,
-		TooBig,
-	};
-
-	pub fn from_units(units: []const u8) FromError!SmallString {
-		var self = SmallString{};
-		const units_range = self.data.len - 1;
-
-		if (units.len > units_range) {
-			return error.TooBig;
-		}
-
-		io.copy(self.data[0 .. units_range], units);
-
-		self.data[units_range] = @intCast(units_range - units.len);
-
-		return self;
-	}
-
-	pub fn to_units(self: *const SmallString) [:0]const u8 {
-		const units_range = self.data.len - 1;
-
-		return @ptrCast(self.data[0 .. units_range - self.data[units_range]]);
-	}
-};
-
 pub fn alloc_formatted(allocator: io.Allocator, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) io.AllocationError![]io.Byte {
 	const formatted_len = print_formatted(io.null_writer, format, args);
 
@@ -332,7 +302,6 @@ noinline fn print_value(writer: io.Writer, value: anytype) ?usize {
 	return switch (@typeInfo(Value)) {
 		.Int => DecimalFormat.default.print(writer, value),
 		.Float => DecimalFormat.default.print(writer, value),
-		.ComptimeInt => print_value(writer, @as(@import("std").math.IntFittingRange(value, value), value)),
 
 		.Pointer => |pointer| switch (pointer.size) {
 			.Many, .C => HexadecimalFormat.default.print(writer, @intFromPtr(value)),

source/ona/app.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+const coral = @import("coral");
+
+const ext = @import("./ext.zig");
+
+const file = @import("./file.zig");
+
+const kym = @import("./kym.zig");
+
+pub const Manifest = struct {
+	title: [255:0]coral.io.Byte = [_:0]coral.io.Byte{0} ** 255,
+	width: u16 = 640,
+	height: u16 = 480,
+	tick_rate: f32 = 60.0,
+
+	pub fn load(self: *Manifest, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!void {
+		const manifest = (try env.import(file.Path.from(&.{"app.ona"}))).pop() orelse return;
+
+		defer env.release(manifest);
+
+		const width = @as(u16, get: {
+			if (try kym.get_field(env, manifest, "width")) |ref| {
+				defer env.release(ref);
+
+				const fixed = try env.expect_fixed(ref);
+
+				if (fixed > 0 and fixed < coral.math.max_int(@typeInfo(@TypeOf(self.width)).Int)) {
+					break: get @intCast(fixed);
+				}
+			}
+
+			break: get self.width;
+		});
+
+		const height = @as(u16, get: {
+			if (try kym.get_field(env, manifest, "height")) |ref| {
+				defer env.release(ref);
+
+				const fixed = try env.expect_fixed(ref);
+
+				if (fixed > 0 and fixed < coral.math.max_int(@typeInfo(@TypeOf(self.height)).Int)) {
+					break: get @intCast(fixed);
+				}
+			}
+
+			break: get self.height;
+		});
+
+		const tick_rate = @as(f32, get: {
+			if (try kym.get_field(env, manifest, "tick_rate")) |ref| {
+				defer env.release(ref);
+
+				break: get @floatCast(try env.expect_float(ref));
+			}
+
+			break: get self.tick_rate;
+		});
+
+		if (try kym.get_field(env, manifest, "title")) |ref| {
+			defer env.release(ref);
+
+			const title_string = try env.expect_string(ref);
+			const limited_title_len = @min(title_string.len, self.title.len);
+
+			coral.io.copy(&self.title, title_string[0 .. limited_title_len]);
+			coral.io.zero(self.title[limited_title_len .. self.title.len]);
+		} else {
+			coral.io.zero(&self.title);
+		}
+
+		self.tick_rate = tick_rate;
+		self.width = width;
+		self.height = height;
+	}
+};
+
+pub fn log_info(message: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+	ext.SDL_LogInfo(
+		ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
+		"%.*s",
+		coral.math.clamped_cast(@typeInfo(c_int).Int, message.len),
+		message.ptr,
+	);
+}
+
+pub fn log_warn(message: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+	ext.SDL_LogWarn(
+		ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
+		"%.*s",
+		coral.math.clamped_cast(@typeInfo(c_int).Int, message.len),
+		message.ptr,
+	);
+}
+
+pub fn log_fail(message: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+	ext.SDL_LogError(
+		ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
+		"%.*s",
+		coral.math.clamped_cast(@typeInfo(c_int).Int, message.len),
+		message.ptr,
+	);
+}

source/ona/file.zig

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ pub const Access = union (enum) {
 			.null => return null,
 
 			.sandboxed_path => |sandboxed_path| {
-				const path_bytes = sandboxed_path.joined(readable_path).to_bytes();
+				const path_string = sandboxed_path.joined(readable_path).get_string();
 
-				return @ptrCast(ext.SDL_RWFromFile(path_bytes.ptr, "rb"));
+				return @ptrCast(ext.SDL_RWFromFile(path_string.ptr, "rb"));
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ pub const Access = union (enum) {
 			.null => return null,
 
 			.sandboxed_path => |sandboxed_path| {
-				const rw_ops = ext.SDL_RWFromFile(sandboxed_path.joined(path).to_bytes(), "rb") orelse return null;
+				const path_string = sandboxed_path.joined(path).get_string();
+				const rw_ops = ext.SDL_RWFromFile(path_string, "rb") orelse return null;
 				const file_size = ext.SDL_RWseek(rw_ops, 0, ext.RW_SEEK_END);
 
 				if (ext.SDL_RWclose(rw_ops) != 0 or file_size < 0) {
@@ -42,26 +43,26 @@ pub const Info = struct {
 	size: u64,
 };
 
-pub const Path = struct {
+pub const Path = extern struct {
 	data: [4096]coral.io.Byte = [_]coral.io.Byte{0} ** 4096,
 
-	pub const cwd = Path.of(&.{"./"});
+	pub const cwd = Path.from(&.{"./"});
 
-	pub const FromError = error {
+	pub fn from(components: []const []const u8) Path {
-		InvalidPath,
+		// TODO: Implement proper parsing / removal of duplicate path delimiters.
-		TooBig,
+		var path = Path{};
-	};
 
-	pub fn from_bytes(bytes: []const coral.io.Byte) FromError!Path {
+		{
-		var self = Path{};
+			var writable_slice = coral.io.FixedBuffer{.bytes = &path.data};
 
-		if (bytes.len >= self.data.len) {
+			for (components) |component| {
-			return error.TooBig;
+				if (writable_slice.write(component) != component.len) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
-		coral.io.copy(&self.data, bytes);
+		return path;
-
-		return self;
 	}
 
 	pub fn joined(self: Path, other: Path) Path {
@@ -95,24 +96,7 @@ pub const Path = struct {
 		return path;
 	}
 
-	pub fn of(components: []const []const u8) Path {
+	pub fn get_string(self: Path) [:0]const coral.io.Byte {
-		// TODO: Implement proper parsing / removal of duplicate path delimiters.
-		var path = Path{};
-
-		{
-			var writable_slice = coral.io.FixedBuffer{.bytes = &path.data};
-
-			for (components) |component| {
-				if (writable_slice.write(component) != component.len) {
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		return path;
-	}
-
-	pub fn to_bytes(self: Path) [:0]const coral.io.Byte {
 		coral.debug.assert(self.data[self.data.len - 1] == 0);
 
 		return coral.io.slice_sentineled(@as(coral.io.Byte, 0), @as([*:0]const coral.io.Byte, @ptrCast(&self.data)));

source/ona/gfx/lina.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+
+pub const Vector2 = struct {
+	x: f32,
+	y: f32,
+
+	pub const Scalars = [2]f32;
+
+	pub fn equals(self: Vector2, vector: Vector2) bool {
+		return self.x == vector.x and self.y == vector.y;
+	}
+
+	pub fn from_scalar(scalar: f32) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = scalar,
+			.y = scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn from_scalars(scalars: Scalars) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = scalars[0],
+			.y = scalars[1],
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_added(self: Vector2, scalar: f32) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x + scalar,
+			.y = self.y + scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_divided(self: Vector2, scalar: f32) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x / scalar,
+			.y = self.y / scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_multiplied(self: Vector2, scalar: f32) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x * scalar,
+			.y = self.y * scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn to_scalars(self: Vector2) Scalars {
+		return .{self.x, self.y};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_subtracted(self: Vector2, scalar: f32) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x - scalar,
+			.y = self.y - scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_added(self: Vector2, vector: Vector2) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x + vector.x,
+			.y = self.y + vector.y,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_divided(self: Vector2, vector: Vector2) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x / vector.x,
+			.y = self.y / vector.y,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_multiplied(self: Vector2, vector: Vector2) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x * vector.x,
+			.y = self.y * vector.y,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_subtracted(self: Vector2, vector: Vector2) Vector2 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x - vector.x,
+			.y = self.y - vector.y,
+		};
+	}
+};
+
+pub const Vector3 = struct {
+	x: f32,
+	y: f32,
+	z: f32,
+
+	pub const Scalars = [3]f32;
+
+	pub fn equals(self: Vector3, vector: Vector3) bool {
+		return self.x == vector.x and self.y == vector.y and self.z == vector.z;
+	}
+
+	pub fn from_scalar(scalar: f32) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = scalar,
+			.y = scalar,
+			.z = scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn from_scalars(scalars: Scalars) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = scalars[0],
+			.y = scalars[1],
+			.z = scalars[2],
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_added(self: Vector3, scalar: f32) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x + scalar,
+			.y = self.y + scalar,
+			.z = self.z + scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_divided(self: Vector3, scalar: f32) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x / scalar,
+			.y = self.y / scalar,
+			.z = self.z / scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_multiplied(self: Vector3, scalar: f32) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x * scalar,
+			.y = self.y * scalar,
+			.z = self.z * scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn scalar_subtracted(self: Vector3, scalar: f32) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x - scalar,
+			.y = self.y - scalar,
+			.z = self.z - scalar,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn to_scalars(self: Vector3) Scalars {
+		return .{self.x, self.y, self.z};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_added(self: Vector3, other: Vector3) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x + other.x,
+			.y = self.y + other.y,
+			.z = self.z + other.z,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_divided(self: Vector3, other: Vector3) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x / other.x,
+			.y = self.y / other.y,
+			.z = self.z / other.z,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_multiplied(self: Vector3, other: Vector3) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x * other.x,
+			.y = self.y * other.y,
+			.z = self.z * other.z,
+		};
+	}
+
+	pub fn vector_subtracted(self: Vector3, other: Vector3) Vector3 {
+		return .{
+			.x = self.x - other.x,
+			.y = self.y - other.y,
+			.z = self.z - other.z,
+		};
+	}
+};

source/ona/kym.zig

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-const Chunk = @import("./script/Chunk.zig");
+const Chunk = @import("./kym/Chunk.zig");
 
-const Table = @import("./script/Table.zig");
+const Table = @import("./kym/Table.zig");
 
 const coral = @import("coral");
 
 const file = @import("./file.zig");
 
-const tokens = @import("./script/tokens.zig");
+const gfx = @import("./gfx.zig");
 
-const tree = @import("./script/tree.zig");
+const tokens = @import("./kym/tokens.zig");
+
+const tree = @import("./kym/tree.zig");
 
 ///
 /// Fixed-length integer number type.
@@ -20,16 +22,6 @@ pub const Fixed = i32;
 ///
 pub const Float = f64;
 
-///
-/// Specialized import logic hook type for exposing native logic to scripts.
-///
-pub const Importer = coral.io.Generator(RuntimeError!?*RuntimeObj, *RuntimeEnv);
-
-///
-/// Byte string printing function.
-///
-pub const Print = fn ([]const coral.io.Byte) void;
-
 ///
 /// Supertype for all numeric types.
 ///
@@ -55,13 +47,11 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	allocator: coral.io.Allocator,
 	options: Options,
 	interned_symbols: SymbolSet,
-	importer_overrides: ImporterTable,
 	locals: LocalList,
 	frames: FrameList,
 
 	const FrameList = coral.list.Stack(struct {
 		callable: *RuntimeObj,
-		caller: ?*RuntimeObj,
 		locals_top: usize,
 		arg_count: u8,
 
@@ -76,30 +66,24 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		}
 	});
 
-	const ImporterTable = coral.map.StringTable(Importer);
-
 	const LocalList = coral.list.Stack(?*RuntimeObj);
 
 	///
 	/// Optional settings for a [RuntimeEnv].
 	///
 	pub const Options = struct {
-		import_access: file.Access = .{.sandboxed_path = &file.Path.cwd},
+		import_access: file.Access = .null,
-		print_out: ?*const Print = null,
+		print: ?*const Printer = null,
-		print_err: ?*const Print = null,
+		print_error: ?*const Printer = null,
+
+		///
+		/// Byte string printing function.
+		///
+		pub const Printer = fn ([]const coral.io.Byte) void;
 	};
 
 	const SymbolSet = coral.map.StringTable([:0]coral.io.Byte);
 
-	///
-	///
-	///
-	pub fn acquire(_: *RuntimeEnv, object: *RuntimeObj) *RuntimeObj {
-		object.internal().ref_count += 1;
-
-		return object;
-	}
-
 	///
 	/// Attempts to push the argument located at `arg_index` to the top of `self`, pushing `null` instead if the given
 	/// argument does not exist or was provided as a nil value.
@@ -111,7 +95,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	///
 	/// `self` is returned for function chaining.
 	///
-	pub fn arg(self: *RuntimeEnv, arg_index: Local) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
+	pub fn arg_get(self: *RuntimeEnv, arg_index: Local) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 		const frame = self.frames.peek() orelse {
 			return self.raise(error.IllegalState, "cannot get args outside of a call frame", .{});
 		};
@@ -128,13 +112,11 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// Attempts to pop the top-most value of `self` and call it with `arg_count` as the number of values prior to it in
+	/// Attempts to pop the top-most value of `self` and call it with `local_arg_count` as the number of locals prior to
-	/// `self` that are intended to be arguments to it. Once the callable returns, the locals marked as arguments are
+	/// it in `self` that are intended to be arguments to it. Once the callable returns, the locals marked as arguments
-	/// popped as well.
+	/// are popped as well.
 	///
-	/// An optional `caller` may be specified for attaching an owning object to the call frame.
+	/// A `local_arg_count` of `0` will call the function with no arguments and pop nothing other than the callable from
-	///
-	/// A `arg_count` value of `0` will call the function with no arguments and pop nothing other than the callable from
 	/// `self` during invocation.
 	///
 	/// A [RuntimeError] is returned if `self` is out of memory, the top-most local is nil or not callable, or the
@@ -142,35 +124,23 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	///
 	/// `self` is returned for function chaining.
 	///
-	pub fn call(self: *RuntimeEnv, arg_count: Local, caller: ?*RuntimeObj) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
+	pub fn call(self: *RuntimeEnv, local_arg_count: Local) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 		const callable = try self.expect_object(self.pop());
 
 		defer self.release(callable);
 
-		if (callable.is_dynamic(Chunk.typeinfo)) |chunk_userdata| {
-			const arity = @as(*Chunk, @ptrCast(@alignCast(chunk_userdata))).arity;
-
-			if (arg_count < arity) {
-				return self.raise(error.BadOperation, "expected {expected} arguments, {provided} provided", .{
-					.expected = arity,
-					.provided = arg_count,
-				});
-			}
-		}
-
 		const result = get_result: {
 			try self.frames.push_one(.{
-				.locals_top = self.locals.values.len - arg_count,
+				.locals_top = self.locals.values.len - local_arg_count,
-				.callable = self.acquire(callable),
+				.callable = callable.internal().acquire(),
-				.caller = caller,
+				.arg_count = local_arg_count,
-				.arg_count = arg_count,
 			});
 
 			defer {
 				const popped_frame = self.frames.pop().?;
 
 				self.release(popped_frame.callable);
-				coral.debug.assert(popped_frame.locals_top <= self.locals.values.len);
+				coral.debug.assert(popped_frame.locals_top < self.locals.values.len);
 
 				var to_discard = self.locals.values.len - popped_frame.locals_top;
 
@@ -540,8 +510,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 					self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) + @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float + @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 + @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_added(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 + @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_added(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not addable with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -568,8 +538,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		return switch (addable.internal().payload) {
 			.fixed => |lhs_fixed| self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) / @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float / @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 / @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_divided(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 / @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_divided(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not divisible with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -597,8 +567,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 					self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) * @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float + @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 * @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_multiplied(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 * @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_multiplied(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -626,8 +596,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 					self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) - @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float + @as(Float, @floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 - @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_subtracted(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 - @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_subtracted(@floatFromInt(rhs_fixed))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -649,9 +619,9 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 
 		return switch (addable.internal().payload) {
 			.fixed => |lhs_fixed| self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) + rhs_float),
-			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float + rhs_float),
+			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float + lhs_float),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 + @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_added(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 + @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_added(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not addable with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -678,8 +648,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		return switch (addable.internal().payload) {
 			.fixed => |lhs_fixed| self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) / rhs_float),
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float / lhs_float),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 / @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_divided(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 / @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_divided(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not divisible with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -703,8 +673,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		return switch (addable.internal().payload) {
 			.fixed => |lhs_fixed| self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) * rhs_float),
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float * lhs_float),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 * @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_multiplied(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 * @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_multiplied(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -728,8 +698,8 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		return switch (addable.internal().payload) {
 			.fixed => |lhs_fixed| self.new_float(@as(Float, @floatFromInt(lhs_fixed)) - rhs_float),
 			.float => |lhs_float| self.new_float(lhs_float - lhs_float),
-			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 - @as(Vector2, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.scalar_subtracted(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
-			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 - @as(Vector3, @splat(@floatCast(rhs_float)))),
+			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.scalar_subtracted(@floatCast(rhs_float))),
 
 			else => self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "fixed types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 				.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -737,27 +707,6 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		};
 	}
 
-	///
-	/// Attempts to return the caller of the current call frame, if one exists, otherwise returning `null`.
-	///
-	/// A [RuntimeError] is returned if `self` is out of memory or the virtual machine is not inside a managed call
-	/// frame.
-	///
-	/// *Note* any returned non-null pointer must be released via [RuntimeEnv.release] or else the resources belonging
-	/// to the objects will never be freed by the runtime.
-	///
-	pub fn get_caller(self: *RuntimeEnv) RuntimeError!?*RuntimeObj {
-		const frame = self.frames.peek() orelse {
-			return self.raise(error.IllegalState, "cannot get caller outside of a call frame", .{});
-		};
-
-		if (frame.caller) |object| {
-			return self.acquire(object);
-		}
-
-		return null;
-	}
-
 	///
 	/// Attempts to pop the top-most value and index into it with `index`, pushing the retrieved value.
 	///
@@ -786,13 +735,18 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 					}
 
 					swizzle_buffer[swizzle_count] = switch (swizzle_symbol[swizzle_count]) {
-						'x' => vector2[0],
+						'x' => vector2.x,
-						'y' => vector2[1],
+						'y' => vector2.y,
 
 						0 => return switch (swizzle_count) {
 							1 => self.new_float(swizzle_buffer[0]),
-							2 => self.new_vector2(.{swizzle_buffer[0], swizzle_buffer[1]}),
+
-							3 => self.new_vector3(swizzle_buffer),
+							2 => self.new_vector2(.{
+								.x = swizzle_buffer[0],
+								.y = swizzle_buffer[1],
+							}),
+
+							3 => self.new_vector3(Vector3.from_scalars(swizzle_buffer)),
 							else => unreachable,
 						},
 
@@ -816,14 +770,19 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 					}
 
 					swizzle_buffer[swizzle_count] = switch (swizzle_symbol[swizzle_count]) {
-						'x' => vector3[0],
+						'x' => vector3.x,
-						'y' => vector3[1],
+						'y' => vector3.y,
-						'z' => vector3[2],
+						'z' => vector3.z,
 
 						0 => return switch (swizzle_count) {
 							1 => self.new_float(swizzle_buffer[0]),
-							2 => self.new_vector2(.{swizzle_buffer[0], swizzle_buffer[1]}),
+
-							3 => self.new_vector3(swizzle_buffer),
+							2 => self.new_vector2(.{
+								.x = swizzle_buffer[0],
+								.y = swizzle_buffer[1],
+							}),
+
+							3 => self.new_vector3(Vector3.from_scalars(swizzle_buffer)),
 							else => unreachable,
 						},
 
@@ -887,63 +846,66 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// Attempts to import a script from the the [Importer] (specified during [RuntimeEnv.init]) from `path`.
+	/// Attempts to import a script from the import [file.Access] (specified during [RuntimeEnv.init]) from `file_path`.
 	///
-	/// After loading, the result of the import is returned.
+	/// If the loaded script is a plain text file, it will be read, parsed, and compiled into an optimized format before
+	/// being executed.
 	///
-	/// A [RuntimeError] is returned if `self` is out of memory, no import at `path` could be found by the runtime,
+	/// If the loaded script is already compiled, it is immediately executed.
-	/// import raised an error during execution.
+	///
+	/// After completing execution, the return value is pushed to the top of `self`.
+	///
+	/// A [RuntimeError] is returned if `self` is out of memory, no file at `file_path` could be found by the runtime,
+	/// the script is a source file and contains invalid syntax, or the imported script raised an error during
+	/// execution.
+	///
+	/// Any syntax errors are reported using [print_error] prior to raising a runtime error.
 	///
 	/// `self` is returned for function chaining.
 	///
 	pub fn import(self: *RuntimeEnv, file_path: file.Path) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
-		const file_name = file_path.to_bytes();
+		{
+			var callable = new_chunk: {
+				const file_name = file_path.get_string();
 
-		if (self.importer_overrides.lookup(file_name)) |importer| {
+				const file_data =
-			if (try importer.invoke(self)) |object| {
+					(try file.allocate_and_load(self.allocator, self.options.import_access, file_path)) orelse {
-				errdefer self.release(object);
+						return self.raise(error.BadOperation, "failed to open or read `{name}`", .{
+							.name = file_name,
+						});
+					};
 
-				try self.locals.push_one(object);
+				defer self.allocator.deallocate(file_data);
-			} else {
-				try self.locals.push_one(null);
-			}
 
-			return self;
+				var root = try tree.Root.init(self.allocator);
-		}
 
-		const callable = new_chunk: {
+				defer root.deinit();
-			const file_data = (try file.allocate_and_load(self.allocator, self.options.import_access, file_path)) orelse {
+
-				return self.raise(error.BadOperation, "failed to open or read `{name}`", .{.name = file_name});
+				{
+					var stream = tokens.Stream{.source = file_data};
+
+					root.parse(&stream) catch |parse_error| {
+						for (root.error_messages.values) |error_message| {
+							self.print_error(error_message);
+						}
+
+						return self.raise(parse_error, "failed to parse `{name}`", .{.name = file_name});
+					};
+				}
+
+				var chunk = try Chunk.init(self, file_name, &root.environment);
+
+				errdefer chunk.deinit(self);
+
+				break: new_chunk (try self.new_dynamic(coral.io.bytes_of(&chunk), Chunk.typeinfo)).pop().?;
 			};
 
-			defer self.allocator.deallocate(file_data);
+			errdefer self.release(callable);
 
-			var root = try tree.Root.init(self.allocator);
+			try self.locals.push_one(callable);
+		}
 
-			defer root.deinit();
+		return self.call(0);
-
-			{
-				var stream = tokens.Stream{.source = file_data};
-
-				root.parse(&stream) catch |parse_error| {
-					for (root.error_messages.values) |error_message| {
-						self.print_err(error_message);
-					}
-
-					return self.raise(parse_error, "failed to parse `{path}`", .{.path = file_name});
-				};
-			}
-
-			var chunk = try Chunk.init(self, file_name, &root.environment);
-
-			errdefer chunk.deinit(self);
-
-			break: new_chunk (try self.new_dynamic(Chunk.typeinfo, chunk)).pop().?;
-		};
-
-		defer self.release(callable);
-
-		return (try self.push(callable)).call(0, null);
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -967,7 +929,6 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 
 		return .{
 			.interned_symbols = SymbolSet.init(allocator, .{}),
-			.importer_overrides = ImporterTable.init(allocator, .{}),
 			.locals = locals,
 			.frames = frames,
 			.allocator = allocator,
@@ -1032,7 +993,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 			self.release(previous_local);
 		}
 
-		local.* = if (value) |object| self.acquire(object) else null;
+		local.* = if (value) |object| object.internal().acquire() else null;
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -1109,7 +1070,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	pub fn new_boxed(self: *RuntimeEnv, value: ?*RuntimeObj) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 		const boxed = try RuntimeObj.allocate(self.allocator, .{
 			.ref_count = 1,
-			.payload = .{.boxed = if (value) |object| self.acquire(object) else null},
+			.payload = .{.boxed = if (value) |object| object.internal().acquire() else null},
 		});
 
 		errdefer self.release(boxed);
@@ -1122,14 +1083,14 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	///
 	/// Attempts to create a new dynamic object from `userdata` and `typeinfo`, pushing it to the top of `self`.
 	///
-	/// *Note* the size of the type specified in `userdata` must match the size described in `typeinfo` exactly.
+	/// *Note* that the number of bytes in `userdata` must match the size described in `typeinfo` exactly.
 	///
 	/// A [RuntimeError] is returned if `self` is out of memory.
 	///
 	/// `self` is returned for function chaining.
 	///
-	pub fn new_dynamic(self: *RuntimeEnv, typeinfo: *const Typeinfo, userdata: anytype) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
+	pub fn new_dynamic(self: *RuntimeEnv, userdata: []const coral.io.Byte, typeinfo: *const Typeinfo) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
-		coral.debug.assert(@sizeOf(@TypeOf(userdata)) == typeinfo.size);
+		coral.debug.assert(userdata.len == typeinfo.size);
 
 		const dynamic = new: {
 			const dynamic = try self.allocator.reallocate(null, @sizeOf(usize) + typeinfo.size);
@@ -1137,7 +1098,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 			errdefer self.allocator.deallocate(dynamic);
 
 			coral.io.copy(dynamic, coral.io.bytes_of(&typeinfo));
-			coral.io.copy(dynamic[@sizeOf(usize) ..], coral.io.bytes_of(&userdata));
+			coral.io.copy(dynamic[@sizeOf(usize) ..], userdata[0 .. typeinfo.size]);
 
 			break: new try RuntimeObj.allocate(self.allocator, .{
 				.ref_count = 1,
@@ -1260,7 +1221,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 
 		errdefer table.deinit(self);
 
-		return self.new_dynamic(Table.typeinfo, table);
+		return self.new_dynamic(coral.io.bytes_of(&table), Table.typeinfo);
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -1334,16 +1295,6 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		return self;
 	}
 
-	///
-	/// Attempst to override the behavior of all imports at `path` to execute the import logic specified in `importer`
-	/// instead for `self`.
-	///
-	/// A [RuntimeError] is returned if `self` is out of memory.
-	///
-	pub fn override_import(self: *RuntimeEnv, path: []const coral.io.Byte, importer: Importer) RuntimeError!void {
-		_ = try self.importer_overrides.replace(path, importer);
-	}
-
 	///
 	/// Pops the top-most value of `self`, returning the value.
 	///
@@ -1359,20 +1310,20 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// Prints `buffer` to the error printing operation specified in the options of `self.
+	/// Prints `buffer` to the printing operation specified in the options of `self`.
 	///
-	pub fn print_err(self: *RuntimeEnv, buffer: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+	pub fn print(self: *RuntimeEnv, buffer: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
-		if (self.options.print_err) |print| {
+		if (self.options.print) |op| {
-			print(buffer);
+			op(buffer);
 		}
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// Prints `buffer` to the printing operation specified in the options of `self`.
+	/// Prints `buffer` to the error printing operation specified in the options of `self.
 	///
-	pub fn print_out(self: *RuntimeEnv, buffer: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+	pub fn print_error(self: *RuntimeEnv, buffer: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
-		if (self.options.print_out) |print| {
+		if (self.options.print_error) |op| {
-			print(buffer);
+			op(buffer);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1385,7 +1336,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	///
 	pub fn push(self: *RuntimeEnv, value: ?*RuntimeObj) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 		if (value) |object| {
-			const acquired = self.acquire(object);
+			const acquired = object.internal().acquire();
 
 			errdefer self.release(acquired);
 
@@ -1408,10 +1359,10 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 
 		defer self.allocator.deallocate(formatted_message);
 
-		self.print_err(formatted_message);
+		self.print_error(formatted_message);
 
 		if (!self.frames.is_empty()) {
-			self.print_err("stack trace:");
+			self.print_error("stack trace:");
 
 			var remaining_frames = self.frames.values.len;
 
@@ -1441,9 +1392,9 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 
 					defer self.allocator.deallocate(chunk_name);
 
-					self.print_err(chunk_name);
+					self.print_error(chunk_name);
 				} else {
-					self.print_err(get_name: {
+					self.print_error(get_name: {
 						const string = name.is_string();
 
 						coral.debug.assert(string != null);
@@ -1539,7 +1490,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 			.symbol => |symbol| self.new_string(coral.io.slice_sentineled(@as(coral.io.Byte, 0), symbol)),
 
 			.string => acquire: {
-				try self.locals.push_one(self.acquire(value));
+				try self.locals.push_one(value.internal().acquire());
 
 				break: acquire self;
 			},
@@ -1547,11 +1498,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 			.vector2 => |vector2| convert: {
 				var string = [_:0]coral.io.Byte{0} ** 64;
 				var buffer = coral.io.FixedBuffer{.bytes = &string};
-
+				const length = coral.utf8.print_formatted(buffer.as_writer(), "@vec2({x}, {y})", vector2).?;
-				const length = coral.utf8.print_formatted(buffer.as_writer(), "@vec2({x}, {y})", .{
-					.x = vector2[0],
-					.y = vector2[1],
-				}).?;
 
 				break: convert self.new_string(string[0 .. length]);
 			},
@@ -1559,12 +1506,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 			.vector3 => |vector3| convert: {
 				var string = [_:0]coral.io.Byte{0} ** 96;
 				var buffer = coral.io.FixedBuffer{.bytes = &string};
-
+				const length = coral.utf8.print_formatted(buffer.as_writer(), "@vec3({x}, {y}, {z})", vector3).?;
-				const length = coral.utf8.print_formatted(buffer.as_writer(), "@vec3({x}, {y}, {z})", .{
-					.x = vector3[0],
-					.y = vector3[1],
-					.z = vector3[2],
-				}).?;
 
 				break: convert self.new_string(string[0 .. length]);
 			},
@@ -1599,7 +1541,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector2()) |lhs_vector2|
-				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 + rhs_vector2)
+				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.vector_added(rhs_vector2))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector2 types are not addable with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1615,7 +1557,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	/// `self` is returned for function chaining.
 	///
 	pub fn vector2_divide(self: *RuntimeEnv, rhs_vector2: Vector2) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
-		if (rhs_vector2[0] == 0 or rhs_vector2[1] == 0) {
+		if (rhs_vector2.x == 0 or rhs_vector2.y == 0) {
 			return self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "cannot divide by zero", .{});
 		}
 
@@ -1624,7 +1566,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector2()) |lhs_vector2|
-				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 / rhs_vector2)
+				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.vector_divided(rhs_vector2))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector2 types are not divisible with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1645,7 +1587,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector2()) |lhs_vector2|
-				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 * rhs_vector2)
+				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.vector_multiplied(rhs_vector2))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector2 types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1666,7 +1608,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector2()) |lhs_vector2|
-				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2 - rhs_vector2)
+				self.new_vector2(lhs_vector2.vector_subtracted(rhs_vector2))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector2 types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1686,7 +1628,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector3()) |lhs_vector3|
-				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 + rhs_vector3)
+				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.vector_added(rhs_vector3))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector3 types are not addable with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1702,7 +1644,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 	/// `self` is returned for function chaining.
 	///
 	pub fn vector3_divide(self: *RuntimeEnv, rhs_vector3: Vector3) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
-		if (rhs_vector3[0] == 0 or rhs_vector3[1] == 0 or rhs_vector3[2] == 0) {
+		if (rhs_vector3.x == 0 or rhs_vector3.y == 0 or rhs_vector3.z == 0) {
 			return self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "cannot divide by zero", .{});
 		}
 
@@ -1711,7 +1653,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector3()) |lhs_vector3|
-				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 / rhs_vector3)
+				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.vector_divided(rhs_vector3))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector3 types are not divisible with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1732,7 +1674,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector3()) |lhs_vector3|
-				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 * rhs_vector3)
+				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.vector_multiplied(rhs_vector3))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector3 types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1753,7 +1695,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 		defer self.release(addable);
 
 		return if (addable.is_vector3()) |lhs_vector3|
-				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3 - rhs_vector3)
+				self.new_vector3(lhs_vector3.vector_subtracted(rhs_vector3))
 			else
 				self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "vector3 types are not multiplicable with {typename}", .{
 					.typename = addable.typename(),
@@ -1797,7 +1739,7 @@ pub const RuntimeEnv = struct {
 					self.release(unboxed_object);
 				}
 
-				unboxed_value.* = if (value) |object| self.acquire(object) else null;
+				unboxed_value.* = if (value) |object| object.internal().acquire() else null;
 			},
 
 			else => return self.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "{typename} is not unboxable", .{
@@ -1871,6 +1813,12 @@ pub const RuntimeObj = opaque {
 				}
 			},
 		},
+
+		fn acquire(self: *Internal) *RuntimeObj {
+			self.ref_count += 1;
+
+			return @ptrCast(self);
+		}
 	};
 
 	fn allocate(allocator: coral.io.Allocator, data: Internal) coral.io.AllocationError!*RuntimeObj {
@@ -1909,12 +1857,12 @@ pub const RuntimeObj = opaque {
 			.boxed => |boxed| if (boxed) |object| self.equals(object) else false,
 
 			.vector2 => |lhs_vector2| switch (other.internal().payload) {
-				.vector2 => |rhs_vector2| lhs_vector2[0] == rhs_vector2[0] and lhs_vector2[1] == rhs_vector2[1],
+				.vector2 => |rhs_vector2| lhs_vector2.equals(rhs_vector2),
 				else => false,
 			},
 
 			.vector3 => |lhs_vector3| switch (other.internal().payload) {
-				.vector3 => |rhs_vector3| lhs_vector3[0] == rhs_vector3[0] and lhs_vector3[1] == rhs_vector3[1] and lhs_vector3[2] == rhs_vector3[2],
+				.vector3 => |rhs_vector3| lhs_vector3.equals(rhs_vector3),
 				else => false,
 			},
 
@@ -1948,8 +1896,8 @@ pub const RuntimeObj = opaque {
 			.float => |float| @bitCast(float),
 			.fixed => |fixed| @intCast(@as(u32, @bitCast(fixed))),
 			.symbol => |symbol| @intFromPtr(symbol),
-			.vector2 => |vector| @bitCast(vector),
+			.vector2 => |vector| @bitCast(vector.to_scalars()),
-			.vector3 => |vector| coral.io.jenkins_hash(@typeInfo(usize).Int, coral.io.bytes_of(&vector)),
+			.vector3 => |vector| coral.io.jenkins_hash(@typeInfo(usize).Int, coral.io.bytes_of(&vector.to_scalars())),
 			.syscall => |syscall| @intFromPtr(syscall),
 			.boxed => |boxed| @intFromPtr(boxed),
 			.string => |string| coral.io.djb2_hash(@typeInfo(usize).Int, string.unpack()),
@@ -2135,10 +2083,10 @@ pub const Typeinfo = struct {
 		///
 		/// The [RuntimeEnv] is returned for function chaining.
 		///
-		pub fn get_index(self: *const GetContext) *RuntimeObj {
+		pub fn push_index(self: *const GetContext) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 			coral.debug.assert(self.env.locals.values.len > 0);
 
-			return self.env.acquire(self.env.locals.values[self.env.locals.values.len - 1].?);
+			return self.env.push(self.env.locals.values[self.env.locals.values.len - 1]);
 		}
 	};
 
@@ -2158,10 +2106,10 @@ pub const Typeinfo = struct {
 		///
 		/// The [RuntimeEnv] is returned for function chaining.
 		///
-		pub fn get_index(self: *const SetContext) *RuntimeObj {
+		pub fn push_index(self: *const SetContext) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 			coral.debug.assert(self.env.locals.values.len > 0);
 
-			return self.env.acquire(self.env.locals.values[self.env.locals.values.len - 1].?);
+			return self.env.push(self.env.locals.values[self.env.locals.values.len - 1]);
 		}
 
 		///
@@ -2171,10 +2119,10 @@ pub const Typeinfo = struct {
 		///
 		/// The [RuntimeEnv] is returned for function chaining.
 		///
-		pub fn get_value(self: *const SetContext) ?*RuntimeObj {
+		pub fn push_value(self: *const SetContext) RuntimeError!*RuntimeEnv {
 			coral.debug.assert(self.env.locals.values.len > 1);
 
-			return if (self.env.locals.values[self.env.locals.values.len - 2]) |object| self.env.acquire(object) else null;
+			return self.env.push(self.env.locals.values[self.env.locals.values.len - 2]);
 		}
 	};
 
@@ -2206,12 +2154,12 @@ pub const Typeinfo = struct {
 ///
 /// 2-component vector type.
 ///
-pub const Vector2 = @Vector(2, f32);
+pub const Vector2 = gfx.lina.Vector2;
 
 ///
 /// 3-component vector type.
 ///
-pub const Vector3 = @Vector(3, f32);
+pub const Vector3 = gfx.lina.Vector3;
 
 ///
 /// Higher-level wrapper for [RuntimeEnv.index_get] that makes it easier to index [Fixed] keys of objects.

source/ona/kym/Chunk.zig

@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
+const app = @import("../app.zig");
+
 const coral = @import("coral");
 
 const file = @import("../file.zig");
 
-const script = @import("../script.zig");
+const kym = @import("../kym.zig");
 
 const tokens = @import("./tokens.zig");
 
 const tree = @import("./tree.zig");
 
-name: *script.RuntimeObj,
+name: *kym.RuntimeObj,
 arity: u8,
 opcodes: OpcodeList,
 lines: LineList,
 cursor: usize,
 constants: ConstList,
-bindings: []?*script.RuntimeObj,
+bindings: []?*kym.RuntimeObj,
 
 const Builtin = enum {
 	import,
@@ -25,9 +27,9 @@ const Builtin = enum {
 
 const Compiler = struct {
 	chunk: *Self,
-	env: *script.RuntimeEnv,
+	env: *kym.RuntimeEnv,
 
-	fn compile_argument(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment, initial_argument: ?*const tree.Expr) script.RuntimeError!u8 {
+	fn compile_argument(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment, initial_argument: ?*const tree.Expr) kym.RuntimeError!u8 {
 		// TODO: Exceeding 255 arguments will make the VM crash.
 		var maybe_argument = initial_argument;
 		var argument_count = @as(u8, 0);
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		return argument_count;
 	}
 
-	fn compile_expression(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment, expression: *const tree.Expr, name: ?[]const coral.io.Byte) script.RuntimeError!void {
+	fn compile_expression(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment, expression: *const tree.Expr, name: ?[]const coral.io.Byte) kym.RuntimeError!void {
 		const number_format = coral.utf8.DecimalFormat{
 			.delimiter = "_",
 			.positive_prefix = .none,
@@ -57,13 +59,13 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 				for (literal) |codepoint| {
 					if (codepoint == '.') {
 						return self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{
-							.push_const = try self.declare_float(number_format.parse(literal, script.Float) orelse unreachable),
+							.push_const = try self.declare_float(number_format.parse(literal, kym.Float) orelse unreachable),
 						});
 					}
 				}
 
 				try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{
-					.push_const = try self.declare_fixed(number_format.parse(literal, script.Fixed) orelse unreachable),
+					.push_const = try self.declare_fixed(number_format.parse(literal, kym.Fixed) orelse unreachable),
 				});
 			},
 
@@ -181,10 +183,11 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 
 			.declaration_get => |declaration_get| {
 				if (get_local_index(environment, declaration_get.declaration)) |index| {
-					try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.push_local = index});
-
 					if (is_declaration_boxed(declaration_get.declaration)) {
+						try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.push_local = index});
 						try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .get_box);
+					} else {
+						try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.push_local = index});
 					}
 
 					return;
@@ -218,8 +221,8 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 				}
 
 				if (try get_binding_index(environment, declaration_set.declaration)) |index| {
-					try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.push_binding = index});
 					try self.compile_expression(environment, declaration_set.assign, null);
+					try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.push_binding = index});
 
 					if (is_declaration_boxed(declaration_set.declaration)) {
 						try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .set_box);
@@ -244,16 +247,6 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 				try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .set_dynamic);
 			},
 
-			.field_invoke => |field_invoke| {
-				const argument_count = try self.compile_argument(environment, field_invoke.argument);
-
-				try self.compile_expression(environment, field_invoke.object, null);
-				try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.push_const = try self.declare_symbol(field_invoke.identifier)});
-				try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .get_dynamic);
-				try self.compile_expression(environment, field_invoke.object, null);
-				try self.chunk.write(expression.line, .{.call_from = argument_count});
-			},
-
 			.subscript_get => |subscript_get| {
 				try self.compile_expression(environment, subscript_get.object, null);
 				try self.compile_expression(environment, subscript_get.index, null);
@@ -269,7 +262,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn compile_environment(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment) script.RuntimeError!void {
+	pub fn compile_environment(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment) kym.RuntimeError!void {
 		if (environment.statement) |statement| {
 			const last_statement = try self.compile_statement(environment, statement);
 
@@ -279,7 +272,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn compile_statement(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment, initial_statement: *const tree.Stmt) script.RuntimeError!*const tree.Stmt {
+	fn compile_statement(self: *const Compiler, environment: *const tree.Environment, initial_statement: *const tree.Stmt) kym.RuntimeError!*const tree.Stmt {
 		var current_statement = initial_statement;
 
 		while (true) {
@@ -345,14 +338,14 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 
 	const constants_max = @as(usize, coral.math.max_int(@typeInfo(u16).Int));
 
-	fn declare_chunk(self: *const Compiler, chunk: Self) script.RuntimeError!u16 {
+	fn declare_chunk(self: *const Compiler, chunk: Self) kym.RuntimeError!u16 {
 		if (self.chunk.constants.values.len == coral.math.max_int(@typeInfo(u16).Int)) {
 			return self.env.raise(error.BadSyntax, "chunks cannot contain more than {max} constants", .{
 				.max = @as(usize, coral.math.max_int(@typeInfo(u16).Int)),
 			});
 		}
 
-		const constant = (try self.env.new_dynamic(typeinfo, chunk)).pop().?;
+		const constant = (try self.env.new_dynamic(coral.io.bytes_of(&chunk), typeinfo)).pop().?;
 
 		errdefer self.env.release(constant);
 
@@ -361,7 +354,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		return @intCast(self.chunk.constants.values.len - 1);
 	}
 
-	fn declare_fixed(self: *const Compiler, fixed: script.Fixed) script.RuntimeError!u16 {
+	fn declare_fixed(self: *const Compiler, fixed: kym.Fixed) kym.RuntimeError!u16 {
 		if (self.chunk.constants.values.len == constants_max) {
 			return self.env.raise(error.BadSyntax, "chunks cannot contain more than {max} constants", .{
 				.max = constants_max,
@@ -377,7 +370,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		return @intCast(self.chunk.constants.values.len - 1);
 	}
 
-	fn declare_float(self: *const Compiler, float: script.Float) script.RuntimeError!u16 {
+	fn declare_float(self: *const Compiler, float: kym.Float) kym.RuntimeError!u16 {
 		if (self.chunk.constants.values.len == constants_max) {
 			return self.env.raise(error.BadSyntax, "chunks cannot contain more than {max} constants", .{
 				.max = constants_max,
@@ -393,7 +386,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		return @intCast(self.chunk.constants.values.len - 1);
 	}
 
-	fn declare_string(self: *const Compiler, string: []const coral.io.Byte) script.RuntimeError!u16 {
+	fn declare_string(self: *const Compiler, string: []const coral.io.Byte) kym.RuntimeError!u16 {
 		if (self.chunk.constants.values.len == constants_max) {
 			return self.env.raise(error.BadSyntax, "chunks cannot contain more than {max} constants", .{
 				.max = constants_max,
@@ -409,7 +402,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		return @intCast(self.chunk.constants.values.len - 1);
 	}
 
-	fn declare_symbol(self: *const Compiler, symbol: []const coral.io.Byte) script.RuntimeError!u16 {
+	fn declare_symbol(self: *const Compiler, symbol: []const coral.io.Byte) kym.RuntimeError!u16 {
 		if (self.chunk.constants.values.len == constants_max) {
 			return self.env.raise(error.BadSyntax, "chunks cannot contain more than {max} constants", .{
 				.max = constants_max,
@@ -425,7 +418,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 		return @intCast(self.chunk.constants.values.len - 1);
 	}
 
-	fn get_binding_index(environment: *const tree.Environment, declaration: *const tree.Declaration) script.RuntimeError!?u8 {
+	fn get_binding_index(environment: *const tree.Environment, declaration: *const tree.Declaration) kym.RuntimeError!?u8 {
 		var binding_index = @as(u8, 0);
 
 		while (binding_index < environment.capture_count) : (binding_index += 1) {
@@ -466,7 +459,7 @@ const Compiler = struct {
 	}
 };
 
-const ConstList = coral.list.Stack(*script.RuntimeObj);
+const ConstList = coral.list.Stack(*kym.RuntimeObj);
 
 const LineList = coral.list.Stack(tokens.Line);
 
@@ -490,7 +483,6 @@ pub const Opcode = union (enum) {
 	get_box,
 	set_box,
 	call: u8,
-	call_from: u8,
 	bind: u8,
 
 	not,
@@ -515,7 +507,7 @@ const OpcodeList = coral.list.Stack(Opcode);
 
 const Self = @This();
 
-pub fn deinit(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) void {
+pub fn deinit(self: *Self, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) void {
 	while (self.constants.pop()) |constant| {
 		env.release(constant);
 	}
@@ -537,7 +529,7 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) void {
 	self.bindings = &.{};
 }
 
-pub fn dump(chunk: Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!*script.RuntimeObj {
+pub fn dump(chunk: Self, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	var opcode_cursor = @as(u32, 0);
 	var buffer = coral.list.ByteStack.init(env.allocator);
 
@@ -628,7 +620,7 @@ pub fn dump(chunk: Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!*script.Ru
 	return (try env.new_string(buffer.values)).pop().?;
 }
 
-pub fn execute(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+pub fn execute(self: *Self, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	self.cursor = 0;
 
 	while (self.cursor < self.opcodes.values.len) : (self.cursor += 1) {
@@ -692,7 +684,7 @@ pub fn execute(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*scrip
 					return env.raise(error.IllegalState, "cannot bind values to an already-bound chunk", .{});
 				}
 
-				chunk.bindings = try coral.io.allocate_many(env.allocator, bind, @as(?*script.RuntimeObj, null));
+				chunk.bindings = try coral.io.allocate_many(env.allocator, bind, @as(?*kym.RuntimeObj, null));
 
 				for (0 .. bind) |index| {
 					const value = env.pop();
@@ -755,15 +747,7 @@ pub fn execute(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*scrip
 				try env.index_set(index, value);
 			},
 
-			.call => |call| _ = try env.call(call, null),
+			.call => |call| _ = try env.call(call),
-
-			.call_from => |call_from| {
-				const caller = try env.expect_object(env.pop());
-
-				defer env.release(caller);
-
-				_ = try env.call(call_from, caller);
-			},
 
 			.not => {
 				const object = try env.expect_object(env.pop());
@@ -896,7 +880,7 @@ pub fn execute(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*scrip
 	return env.pop();
 }
 
-fn get_binding(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv, index: usize) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn get_binding(self: *Self, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv, index: usize) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	if (index >= self.bindings.len) {
 		return env.raise(error.IllegalState, "invalid binding", .{});
 	}
@@ -904,7 +888,7 @@ fn get_binding(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv, index: usize) script.Runtim
 	return self.bindings[index];
 }
 
-fn get_constant(self: *const Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv, index: usize) script.RuntimeError!*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn get_constant(self: *const Self, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv, index: usize) kym.RuntimeError!*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	if (index >= self.constants.values.len) {
 		return env.raise(error.IllegalState, "invalid constant", .{});
 	}
@@ -912,7 +896,7 @@ fn get_constant(self: *const Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv, index: usize) script
 	return self.constants.values[index];
 }
 
-pub fn init(env: *script.RuntimeEnv, name: []const coral.io.Byte, environment: *const tree.Environment) script.RuntimeError!Self {
+pub fn init(env: *kym.RuntimeEnv, name: []const coral.io.Byte, environment: *const tree.Environment) kym.RuntimeError!Self {
 	var chunk = Self{
 		.name = (try env.new_symbol(name)).pop().?,
 		.opcodes = OpcodeList.init(env.allocator),
@@ -933,31 +917,29 @@ pub fn init(env: *script.RuntimeEnv, name: []const coral.io.Byte, environment: *
 	return chunk;
 }
 
-fn syscall_import(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn syscall_import(env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
-	const arg = try env.expect_object((try env.arg(0)).pop());
+	const arg = (try env.arg_get(0)).pop() orelse {
+		return env.raise(error.BadOperation, "`@import` requires one argument to be a valid import path", .{});
+	};
 
 	defer env.release(arg);
 
-	const file_path = file.Path.from_bytes(try env.expect_string(arg)) catch {
+	return (try env.import(file.Path.from(&.{try env.expect_string(arg)}))).pop();
-		return env.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "`@import` requires argument `0` to be a valid import path", .{});
-	};
-
-	return (try env.import(file_path)).pop();
 }
 
-fn syscall_print(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn syscall_print(env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
-	const string = (try (try env.arg(0)).to_string()).pop().?;
+	const string = (try (try env.arg_get(0)).to_string()).pop().?;
 
 	defer env.release(string);
 
-	env.print_out(string.is_string().?);
+	env.print(string.is_string().?);
 
 	return null;
 }
 
-fn syscall_vec2(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn syscall_vec2(env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	const x = @as(f32, get_x: {
-		const x = (try env.arg(0)).pop() orelse {
+		const x = (try env.arg_get(0)).pop() orelse {
 			return env.raise(error.BadOperation, "a first argument is required to create a vector", .{});
 		};
 
@@ -966,18 +948,21 @@ fn syscall_vec2(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj
 		break: get_x @floatCast(try env.expect_float(x));
 	});
 
-	if ((try env.arg(1)).pop()) |y| {
+	if ((try env.arg_get(1)).pop()) |y| {
 		defer env.release(y);
 
-		return (try env.new_vector2(.{x, @as(f32, @floatCast(try env.expect_float(y)))})).pop();
+		return (try env.new_vector2(.{
+			.y = @floatCast(try env.expect_float(y)),
+			.x = x,
+		})).pop();
 	}
 
-	return (try env.new_vector2(@splat(x))).pop();
+	return (try env.new_vector2(kym.Vector2.from_scalar(x))).pop();
 }
 
-fn syscall_vec3(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn syscall_vec3(env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	const x = @as(f32, get_x: {
-		const x = (try env.arg(0)).pop() orelse {
+		const x = (try env.arg_get(0)).pop() orelse {
 			return env.raise(error.BadOperation, "a first argument is required to create a vector", .{});
 		};
 
@@ -986,25 +971,30 @@ fn syscall_vec3(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj
 		break: get_x @floatCast(try env.expect_float(x));
 	});
 
-	if ((try env.arg(1)).pop()) |y| {
+	if ((try env.arg_get(1)).pop()) |y| {
 		defer env.release(y);
 
-		return (try env.new_vector3(.{x, @as(f32, @floatCast(try env.expect_float(y))), @as(f32, get_z: {
+		return (try env.new_vector3(.{
-			const z = (try env.arg(0)).pop() orelse {
+			.z = @as(f32, get_z: {
-				return env.raise(error.BadOperation,
+				const z = (try env.arg_get(0)).pop() orelse {
-					"a third argument is required to create a vector if a first and second exist", .{});
+					return env.raise(error.BadOperation,
-			};
+						"a third argument is required to create a vector if a first and second exist", .{});
+				};
 
-			defer env.release(z);
+				defer env.release(z);
 
-			break: get_z @floatCast(try env.expect_float(z));
+				break: get_z @floatCast(try env.expect_float(z));
-		})})).pop();
+			}),
+
+			.y = @floatCast(try env.expect_float(y)),
+			.x = x,
+		})).pop();
 	}
 
-	return (try env.new_vector3(@splat(x))).pop();
+	return (try env.new_vector3(kym.Vector3.from_scalar(x))).pop();
 }
 
-pub const typeinfo = &script.Typeinfo{
+pub const typeinfo = &kym.Typeinfo{
 	.size = @sizeOf(Self),
 	.name = "lambda",
 	.destruct = typeinfo_destruct,
@@ -1012,15 +1002,15 @@ pub const typeinfo = &script.Typeinfo{
 	.to_string = typeinfo_to_string,
 };
 
-fn typeinfo_call(context: script.Typeinfo.CallContext) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn typeinfo_call(context: kym.Typeinfo.CallContext) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	return @as(*Self, @ptrCast(@alignCast(context.userdata))).execute(context.env);
 }
 
-fn typeinfo_destruct(context: script.Typeinfo.DestructContext) void {
+fn typeinfo_destruct(context: kym.Typeinfo.DestructContext) void {
 	@as(*Self, @ptrCast(@alignCast(context.userdata))).deinit(context.env);
 }
 
-fn typeinfo_to_string(context: script.Typeinfo.ToStringContext) script.RuntimeError!*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn typeinfo_to_string(context: kym.Typeinfo.ToStringContext) kym.RuntimeError!*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	return (try (try context.env.push(@as(*Self, @ptrCast(@alignCast(context.userdata))).name)).to_string()).pop().?;
 }
 

source/ona/kym/Table.zig

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 const coral = @import("coral");
 
-const script = @import("../script.zig");
+const kym = @import("../kym.zig");
 
 associative: RefTable,
 contiguous: RefList,
 
-const RefList = coral.list.Stack(?*script.RuntimeObj);
+const RefList = coral.list.Stack(?*kym.RuntimeObj);
 
-const RefTable = coral.map.Table(*script.RuntimeObj, *script.RuntimeObj, struct {
+const RefTable = coral.map.Table(*kym.RuntimeObj, *kym.RuntimeObj, struct {
-	pub const hash = script.RuntimeObj.hash;
+	pub const hash = kym.RuntimeObj.hash;
 
-	pub const equals = script.RuntimeObj.equals;
+	pub const equals = kym.RuntimeObj.equals;
 });
 
 const Self = @This();
 
-pub fn deinit(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) void {
+pub fn deinit(self: *Self, env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) void {
 	{
 		var field_iterable = self.associative.as_iterable();
 
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Self, env: *script.RuntimeEnv) void {
 	self.contiguous.deinit();
 }
 
-pub fn init(env: *script.RuntimeEnv) Self {
+pub fn init(env: *kym.RuntimeEnv) Self {
 	return .{
 		.associative = RefTable.init(env.allocator, .{}),
 		.contiguous = RefList.init(env.allocator),
 	};
 }
 
-pub const typeinfo = &script.Typeinfo{
+pub const typeinfo = &kym.Typeinfo{
 	.size = @sizeOf(Self),
 	.name = "table",
 	.destruct = typeinfo_destruct,
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ pub const typeinfo = &script.Typeinfo{
 	.set = typeinfo_set,
 };
 
-fn typeinfo_destruct(context: script.Typeinfo.DestructContext) void {
+fn typeinfo_destruct(context: kym.Typeinfo.DestructContext) void {
 	@as(*Self, @ptrCast(@alignCast(context.userdata))).deinit(context.env);
 }
 
-fn typeinfo_get(context: script.Typeinfo.GetContext) script.RuntimeError!?*script.RuntimeObj {
+fn typeinfo_get(context: kym.Typeinfo.GetContext) kym.RuntimeError!?*kym.RuntimeObj {
 	const table = @as(*Self, @ptrCast(@alignCast(context.userdata)));
-	const index = context.get_index();
+	const index = (try context.push_index()).pop().?;
 
 	defer context.env.release(index);
 
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ fn typeinfo_get(context: script.Typeinfo.GetContext) script.RuntimeError!?*scrip
 	return null;
 }
 
-fn typeinfo_set(context: script.Typeinfo.SetContext) script.RuntimeError!void {
+fn typeinfo_set(context: kym.Typeinfo.SetContext) kym.RuntimeError!void {
 	const table = @as(*Self, @ptrCast(@alignCast(context.userdata)));
-	const index = context.get_index();
+	const index = (try context.push_index()).pop().?;
 
 	errdefer context.env.release(index);
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn typeinfo_set(context: script.Typeinfo.SetContext) script.RuntimeError!void {
 				context.env.release(replacing);
 			}
 
-			if (context.get_value()) |value| {
+			if ((try context.push_value()).pop()) |value| {
 				errdefer context.env.release(value);
 
 				maybe_replacing.* = value;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn typeinfo_set(context: script.Typeinfo.SetContext) script.RuntimeError!void {
 		}
 	}
 
-	const value = context.get_value() orelse {
+	const value = (try context.push_value()).pop() orelse {
 		if (table.associative.remove(index)) |removed| {
 			context.env.release(removed.key);
 			context.env.release(removed.value);

source/ona/kym/tree/Expr.zig

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ kind: union (enum) {
 	declaration_set: DeclarationSet,
 	field_get: FieldGet,
 	field_set: FieldSet,
-	field_invoke: FieldInvoke,
 	subscript_get: SubscriptGet,
 	subscript_set: SubscriptSet,
 	binary_op: BinaryOp,
@@ -113,12 +112,6 @@ pub const DeclarationSet = struct {
 	assign: *const Self,
 };
 
-pub const FieldInvoke = struct {
-	argument: ?*const Self,
-	identifier: []const coral.io.Byte,
-	object: *const Self,
-};
-
 pub const FieldGet = struct {
 	identifier: []const coral.io.Byte,
 	object: *const Self,
@@ -371,7 +364,7 @@ fn parse_factor(root: *tree.Root, stream: *tokens.Stream, environment: *tree.Env
 						switch (stream.token) {
 							.symbol_comma => stream.skip_newlines(),
 							.symbol_paren_right => break,
-							else => return root.report_error(stream.line, "expected `,` or `)` after argument", .{}),
+							else => return root.report_error(stream.line, "expected `,` or `)` after lambda argument", .{}),
 						}
 
 						const next_argument = try parse(root, stream, environment);
@@ -389,22 +382,12 @@ fn parse_factor(root: *tree.Root, stream: *tokens.Stream, environment: *tree.Env
 				expression = try root.create_expr(.{
 					.line = lines_stepped,
 
-					.kind = switch (expression.kind) {
+					.kind = .{
-						.field_get => |field_get| .{
+						.invoke = .{
-							.field_invoke = .{
+							.argument = first_argument,
-								.identifier = field_get.identifier,
+							.object = unnecessary_temp,
-								.argument = first_argument,
-								.object = field_get.object,
-							},
 						},
-
+					},
-						else => .{
-							.invoke = .{
-								.argument = first_argument,
-								.object = unnecessary_temp,
-							},
-						},
-					}
 				});
 			},
 

source/ona/ona.zig

@@ -1,238 +1,93 @@
+const app = @import("./app.zig");
+
 const coral = @import("coral");
 
 const ext = @import("./ext.zig");
 
 pub const file = @import("./file.zig");
 
-pub const heap = @import("./heap.zig");
+const heap = @import("./heap.zig");
 
-pub const script = @import("./script.zig");
+const kym = @import("./kym.zig");
-
-pub const GraphicsLoop = opaque {
-	const Internal = struct {
-		window: *ext.SDL_Window,
-		renderer: *ext.SDL_Renderer,
-		loaders: GraphicsLoaderList,
-		updaters: GraphicsUpdaterList,
-		target_frame_time: f64,
-
-		keys: struct {
-			pressed: [ext.SDL_NUM_SCANCODES]bool = [_]bool{false} ** ext.SDL_NUM_SCANCODES,
-			released: [ext.SDL_NUM_SCANCODES]bool = [_]bool{false} ** ext.SDL_NUM_SCANCODES,
-			held: [ext.SDL_NUM_SCANCODES]bool = [_]bool{false} ** ext.SDL_NUM_SCANCODES,
-		},
-
-		const GraphicsLoaderList = coral.list.Stack(GraphicsLoader);
-
-		const GraphicsUpdaterList = coral.list.Stack(GraphicsUpdater);
-
-		fn deinit(self: *Internal) void {
-			ext.SDL_DestroyWindow(self.window);
-			ext.SDL_DestroyRenderer(self.renderer);
-		}
-
-		fn init(allocator: coral.io.Allocator) coral.io.AllocationError!Internal {
-			const window = create: {
-				const height = 480;
-				const width = 640;
-				const pos = ext.SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED;
-				const flags = ext.SDL_WINDOW_HIDDEN;
-
-				break: create ext.SDL_CreateWindow("", pos, pos, width, height, flags) orelse {
-					return error.OutOfMemory;
-				};
-			};
-
-			errdefer ext.SDL_DestroyWindow(window);
-
-			const renderer = create: {
-				const default_driver_index = -1;
-				const flags = ext.SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED;
-
-				break: create ext.SDL_CreateRenderer(window, default_driver_index, flags) orelse {
-					return error.OutOfMemory;
-				};
-			};
-
-			errdefer ext.SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-
-			return .{
-				.loaders = GraphicsLoaderList.init(allocator),
-				.updaters = GraphicsUpdaterList.init(allocator),
-				.target_frame_time = 1.0 / 60.0,
-				.window = window,
-				.renderer = renderer,
-				.keys = .{},
-			};
-		}
-
-		fn run(self: *Internal) void {
-			var ticks_previous = ext.SDL_GetTicks64();
-			var accumulated_time = @as(f64, 0);
-
-			for (self.loaders.values) |loader| {
-				loader.invoke(@ptrCast(self));
-			}
-
-			ext.SDL_ShowWindow(self.window);
-
-			running_loop: while (true) {
-				const ticks_current = ext.SDL_GetTicks64();
-				const milliseconds_per_second = 1000.0;
-				const delta_time = @as(f64, @floatFromInt(ticks_current - ticks_previous)) / milliseconds_per_second;
-
-				ticks_previous = ticks_current;
-				accumulated_time += delta_time;
-
-				while (accumulated_time >= self.target_frame_time) : (accumulated_time -= self.target_frame_time) {
-					var event = @as(ext.SDL_Event, undefined);
-
-					coral.io.zero(@ptrCast(&self.keys.pressed));
-					coral.io.zero(@ptrCast(&self.keys.released));
-
-					while (ext.SDL_PollEvent(&event) != 0) {
-						switch (event.type) {
-							ext.SDL_QUIT => break: running_loop,
-
-							ext.SDL_KEYDOWN => {
-								self.keys.pressed[event.key.keysym.scancode] = true;
-								self.keys.held[event.key.keysym.scancode] = true;
-							},
-
-							ext.SDL_KEYUP => {
-								self.keys.released[event.key.keysym.scancode] = true;
-								self.keys.held[event.key.keysym.scancode] = false;
-							},
-
-							else => {},
-						}
-					}
-
-					for (self.updaters.values) |updater| {
-						updater.invoke(.{
-							.loop = @ptrCast(self),
-							.delta_time = self.target_frame_time,
-						});
-					}
-				}
-
-				_ = ext.SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(self.renderer, 0, 0, 0, 255);
-				_ = ext.SDL_RenderClear(self.renderer);
-				_ = ext.SDL_RenderPresent(self.renderer);
-
-				ext.SDL_Delay(1);
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn use(self: *Internal, middleware: GraphicsMiddleware) coral.io.AllocationError!void {
-			try switch (middleware) {
-				.loader => |loader| self.loaders.push_one(loader),
-				.updater => |updater| self.updaters.push_one(updater),
-			};
-		}
-	};
-
-	fn internal(self: *GraphicsLoop) *Internal {
-		return @ptrCast(@alignCast(self));
-	}
-
-	pub fn is_key_pressed(self: *GraphicsLoop, key: Key) bool {
-		return self.internal().keys.pressed[@intFromEnum(key)];
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_resolution(self: *GraphicsLoop, width: u16, height: u16) callconv(.C) void {
-		const pos = ext.SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED;
-		const internal_state = self.internal();
-
-		ext.SDL_SetWindowSize(internal_state.window, width, height);
-		ext.SDL_SetWindowPosition(internal_state.window, pos, pos);
-		ext.SDL_ShowWindow(internal_state.window);
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_tick_rate(self: *GraphicsLoop, tick_rate: f64) callconv(.C) void {
-		self.internal().target_frame_time = 1.0 / tick_rate;
-	}
-
-	pub fn set_title(self: *GraphicsLoop, title: coral.utf8.SmallString) callconv(.C) void {
-		ext.SDL_SetWindowTitle(self.internal().window, title.to_units());
-	}
-};
-
-pub const GraphicsUpdate = struct {
-	loop: *GraphicsLoop,
-	delta_time: f64,
-};
-
-pub const GraphicsMiddleware = union (enum) {
-	loader: GraphicsLoader,
-	updater: GraphicsUpdater,
-};
-
-pub const GraphicsLoader = coral.io.Generator(void, *GraphicsLoop);
-
-pub const GraphicsUpdater = coral.io.Generator(void, GraphicsUpdate);
-
-pub const Key = enum (usize) {
-	f5 = ext.SDL_SCANCODE_F5,
-};
 
 fn last_sdl_error() [:0]const u8 {
 	return coral.io.slice_sentineled(@as(u8, 0), @as([*:0]const u8, @ptrCast(ext.SDL_GetError())));
 }
 
-pub fn log_info(message: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+pub fn run_app(file_access: file.Access) void {
-	ext.SDL_LogInfo(
+	defer heap.trace_leaks();
-		ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
-		"%.*s",
-		coral.math.clamped_cast(@typeInfo(c_int).Int, message.len),
-		message.ptr,
-	);
-}
 
-pub fn log_warn(message: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
+	if (ext.SDL_Init(ext.SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING) != 0) {
-	ext.SDL_LogWarn(
+		return app.log_fail(last_sdl_error());
-		ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
-		"%.*s",
-		coral.math.clamped_cast(@typeInfo(c_int).Int, message.len),
-		message.ptr,
-	);
-}
-
-pub fn log_fail(message: []const coral.io.Byte) void {
-	ext.SDL_LogError(
-		ext.SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
-		"%.*s",
-		coral.math.clamped_cast(@typeInfo(c_int).Int, message.len),
-		message.ptr,
-	);
-}
-
-pub fn start_graphics(middlewares: []const GraphicsMiddleware) void {
-	const init_flags = ext.SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING;
-
-	if (ext.SDL_WasInit(init_flags) == init_flags) {
-		return log_fail("a loop is already running");
-	}
-
-	if (ext.SDL_Init(init_flags) != 0) {
-		return log_fail(last_sdl_error());
 	}
 
 	defer ext.SDL_Quit();
 
-	var loop_internal = GraphicsLoop.Internal.init(heap.allocator) catch {
+	var script_env = kym.RuntimeEnv.init(heap.allocator, 255, .{
-		return log_fail(last_sdl_error());
+		.print = app.log_info,
+		.print_error = app.log_fail,
+		.import_access = file_access,
+	}) catch {
+		return app.log_fail("failed to initialize script runtime");
 	};
 
-	defer loop_internal.deinit();
+	defer script_env.deinit();
 
-	for (middlewares) |middleware| {
+	var manifest = app.Manifest{};
-		loop_internal.use(middleware) catch |allocation_error| {
+
-			return log_fail(switch (allocation_error) {
+	manifest.load(&script_env) catch return;
-				error.OutOfMemory => "could not use middleware: out of memory",
+
-			});
+	const window = create: {
+		const pos = ext.SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED;
+		const flags = 0;
+
+		break: create ext.SDL_CreateWindow(&manifest.title, pos, pos, manifest.width, manifest.height, flags) orelse {
+			return app.log_fail(last_sdl_error());
 		};
-	}
+	};
 
-	loop_internal.run();
+	defer ext.SDL_DestroyWindow(window);
+
+	const renderer = create: {
+		const default_driver_index = -1;
+		const flags = ext.SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED;
+
+		break: create ext.SDL_CreateRenderer(window, default_driver_index, flags) orelse {
+			return app.log_fail(last_sdl_error());
+		};
+	};
+
+	defer ext.SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+
+	{
+		var previous_ticks = ext.SDL_GetTicks64();
+
+		while (true) {
+			{
+				var event = @as(ext.SDL_Event, undefined);
+
+				while (ext.SDL_PollEvent(&event) != 0) {
+					switch (event.type) {
+						ext.SDL_QUIT => return,
+						else => {},
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			{
+				// Based on https://fabiensanglard.net/timer_and_framerate/index.php.
+				const current_ticks = ext.SDL_GetTicks64();
+				const milliseconds_per_second = 1000.0;
+				const tick_frequency = @as(u64, @intFromFloat(milliseconds_per_second / manifest.tick_rate));
+
+				while (previous_ticks < current_ticks) {
+					previous_ticks += tick_frequency;
+				}
+			}
+
+			_ = ext.SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0, 0, 0, 255);
+			_ = ext.SDL_RenderClear(renderer);
+			_ = ext.SDL_RenderPresent(renderer);
+		}
+	}
 }

source/runner.zig

@@ -1,185 +1,5 @@
-const coral = @import("coral");
-
 const ona = @import("ona");
 
-pub const ScriptPlugin = struct {
-	env: ona.script.RuntimeEnv,
-	events: ?*ona.script.RuntimeObj,
-
-	const EventsObject = struct {
-		updaters: RuntimeObjList,
-		loop: *ona.GraphicsLoop,
-
-		fn get(context: ona.script.Typeinfo.GetContext) ona.script.RuntimeError!?*ona.script.RuntimeObj {
-			const index = context.get_index();
-
-			defer context.env.release(index);
-
-			inline for ([_][]const u8{"on_update"}) |name| {
-				const symbol = (try context.env.new_symbol(name)).pop().?;
-
-				defer context.env.release(symbol);
-
-				if (index.equals(symbol)) {
-					return (try context.env.new_syscall(@field(EventsObject, name))).pop();
-				}
-			}
-
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		fn on_update(env: *ona.script.RuntimeEnv) ona.script.RuntimeError!?*ona.script.RuntimeObj {
-			const caller = try env.expect_object(try env.get_caller());
-
-			defer env.release(caller);
-
-			const updater = try env.expect_object((try env.arg(0)).pop());
-
-			errdefer env.release(updater);
-
-			try @as(*EventsObject, @ptrCast(@alignCast(try env.expect_dynamic(caller, typeinfo)))).updaters.push_one(updater);
-
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		const typeinfo = &ona.script.Typeinfo{
-			.name = "events",
-			.size = @sizeOf(EventsObject),
-			.get = get,
-		};
-
-		fn update(env: *ona.script.RuntimeEnv, _: *ona.GraphicsLoop) void {
-			return ((env.arg(0) catch return).call(0, null) catch return).discard();
-		}
-	};
-
-	const RuntimeObjList = coral.list.Stack(*ona.script.RuntimeObj);
-
-	pub fn deinit(self: *ScriptPlugin) void {
-		if (self.events) |object| {
-			self.env.release(object);
-		}
-
-		self.env.deinit();
-	}
-
-	fn import_events(self: *ScriptPlugin, env: *ona.script.RuntimeEnv) ona.script.RuntimeError!?*ona.script.RuntimeObj {
-		return env.acquire(self.events.?);
-	}
-
-	pub fn init() coral.io.AllocationError!ScriptPlugin {
-		var env = try ona.script.RuntimeEnv.init(ona.heap.allocator, 255, .{
-			.print_out = ona.log_info,
-			.print_err = ona.log_fail,
-		});
-
-		errdefer env.deinit();
-
-		return .{
-			.env = env,
-			.events = null,
-		};
-	}
-
-	fn load(self: *ScriptPlugin, loop: *ona.GraphicsLoop) void {
-		self.events = (self.env.new_dynamic(EventsObject.typeinfo, EventsObject{
-			.updaters = RuntimeObjList.init(ona.heap.allocator),
-			.loop =  loop,
-		}) catch {
-			return ona.log_fail("failed to instantiate events object");
-		}).pop();
-
-		self.env.override_import("events", ona.script.Importer.bind(ScriptPlugin, self, import_events)) catch {
-			return ona.log_fail("failed to overide native import paths");
-		};
-
-		self.reload(loop) catch {};
-	}
-
-	fn reload(self: *ScriptPlugin, loop: *ona.GraphicsLoop) ona.script.RuntimeError!void {
-		var title = comptime try coral.utf8.SmallString.from_units("Ona");
-		var res_width = @as(u16, 640);
-		var res_height = @as(u16, 480);
-		var tick_rate = @as(f64, 60);
-
-		if ((try self.env.import(comptime try ona.file.Path.from_bytes("app.ona"))).pop()) |manifest| {
-			defer self.env.release(manifest);
-
-			if (try ona.script.get_field(&self.env, manifest, "res_width")) |object| {
-				defer self.env.release(object);
-
-				const int = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(res_width)).Int;
-
-				res_width = coral.math.checked_cast(int, try self.env.expect_fixed(object)) orelse {
-					return self.env.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "`res_width` property cannot be greater than `{max}`", .{
-						.max = coral.math.max_int(int),
-					});
-				};
-			}
-
-			if (try ona.script.get_field(&self.env, manifest, "res_height")) |object| {
-				defer self.env.release(object);
-
-				const int = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(res_height)).Int;
-
-				res_height = coral.math.checked_cast(int, try self.env.expect_fixed(object)) orelse {
-					return self.env.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "`res_height` property cannot be greater than `{max}`", .{
-						.max = coral.math.max_int(int),
-					});
-				};
-			}
-
-			if (try ona.script.get_field(&self.env, manifest, "tick_rate")) |object| {
-				defer self.env.release(object);
-
-				tick_rate = try self.env.expect_float(object);
-			}
-
-			if (try ona.script.get_field(&self.env, manifest, "title")) |object| {
-				defer self.env.release(object);
-
-				title = coral.utf8.SmallString.from_units(try self.env.expect_string(object)) catch |from_error| {
-					return switch (from_error) {
-						error.InvalidUtf8 => self.env.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "`title` cannot contain invalid utf8", .{}),
-						error.TooBig => self.env.raise(error.TypeMismatch, "`title` is too long", .{}),
-					};
-				};
-			}
-
-			loop.set_resolution(res_width, res_height);
-			loop.set_title(title);
-			loop.set_tick_rate(tick_rate);
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn update(self: *ScriptPlugin, graphics_update: ona.GraphicsUpdate) void {
-		if (graphics_update.loop.is_key_pressed(ona.Key.f5)) {
-			self.reload(graphics_update.loop) catch {};
-		}
-
-		const eventsect = @as(*EventsObject, @ptrCast(@alignCast(self.env.expect_dynamic(self.events.?, EventsObject.typeinfo) catch {
-			return;
-		})));
-
-		const dt = (self.env.new_float(graphics_update.delta_time) catch return).pop().?;
-
-		defer self.env.release(dt);
-
-		for (eventsect.updaters.values) |updater| {
-			(((self.env.push(dt) catch return).push(updater) catch return).call(1, null) catch return).discard();
-		}
-	}
-};
-
 pub fn main() void {
-	var script_plugin = ScriptPlugin.init() catch {
+	ona.run_app(.{.sandboxed_path = &ona.file.Path.cwd});
-		return ona.log_fail("failed to initialize script plugin");
-	};
-
-	defer script_plugin.deinit();
-
-	ona.start_graphics(&.{
-		.{.loader = ona.GraphicsLoader.bind(ScriptPlugin, &script_plugin, ScriptPlugin.load)},
-		.{.updater = ona.GraphicsUpdater.bind(ScriptPlugin, &script_plugin, ScriptPlugin.update)},
-	});
 }